Lungworms of Marine Mammals

Measures, Lena N.

doi:10.1002/9780470377000.ch10

Cited by 65 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…This anatomical location, deep within the pulmonary parenchyma, and the width of the nematodes (60-294 m) were consistent with those of Filaroides spp. according to Measures (2001). Using the lung flush technique, F. gymnurus were recovered from cally in this seal, the nematodes were associated with a chronic inflammation of bronchial walls and peribronchial tissue, characterized by fibrosis and infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes and eosinophils.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Status of Harp Seals (Phoca Groenlandica) and Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, Concurrent With Their Expanding Range

Lucas¹,

Daoust

Conboy

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Beach surveys for harp (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals documented a dramatic increase in their numbers on Sable Island in mid 1990s. In the 1980s, no more than five animals of both species were observed on this island each year, however, during late 1994 to 1998, 1,191 harp and 870 hooded seals, mostly young animals, were recorded. Although some of these seals had been killed by sharks, most (roughly 75%) were found alive or as intact carcasses on the beach, and some of the live seals were later found dead. Emaciation/ starvation was considered the primary cause of death in seals that were not obviously killed by sharks. Factors that may have compounded this poor body condition included gastric impaction with abnormal ingesta, hemorrhagic diathesis possibly induced by parasitic migration and secondary vasculitis, and stomatitis (in hooded seals only). Some harp and hooded seals expanding their range in recent years may be unable to feed successfully, although the reasons for this are unclear.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Status of Harp Seals (Phoca Groenlandica) and Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, Concurrent With Their Expanding Range

Lucas¹,

Daoust

Conboy

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Most lung nematode species do not have strong host specificity within odontocete cetaceans (Measures, 2001). Those reported from common bottlenose dolphins include Stenurus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infections have been reported worldwide but there are few examples from the Southern Hemisphere (Dailey, 2005). Studies have been conducted in Europe, the USA, Japan, and Hong Kong (Measures, 2001) but these locations are likely to be areas of high observer effort rather than true hot spots of nematode infection in marine mammals. Most studies have concentrated on the taxonomy of the nematodes (Baylis and Daubney, 1925;Johnston and Mawson, 1941;Arnold and Gaskin, 1975;Raga et al, 1987;Balbuena et al, 1994;Gibson et al, 1998;Lehnert et al, 2005) or the pathology of host species (Testi and Pilleri, 1969;Woodard et al, 1969;Dailey and Stroud, 1978;Viale, 1981;Tsocheva et al, 1992;Parsons et al, 1999;Siebert et al, 2001;Bossart et al, 2003;Kuwamura et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host species for lung nematodes include members of the cetacean families Phocoenidae, Delphinidae, Monodontidae, and Ziphiidae (Measures, 2001). All lung nematodes of cetaceans are in the family Pseudaliidae and, of its eight genera, seven are found only in toothed whales and dolphins (odontocetes).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Species of lung nematodes can be both hostspecific and nonspecific in cetaceans (Dailey, 2005). Nematode species in the Pseudaliidae are normally found in the lungs, cranial sinuses, and middle ear of the host, where their effects include pneumonia and possibly disruption of acoustic reception (Measures, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eighteen-Year Study of South Australian Dolphins Shows Variation in Lung Nematodes by Season, Year, Age Class, and Location

Tomo

Kemper

Lavery

2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Between 1990 and 2007, carcasses of opportunistically collected short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis; n5238), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus; n5167), and common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus; n515) were examined for parasites and life history data. Three species of lung nematodes (Halocercus lagenorhynchi, Stenurus ovatus, Pharurus alatus) were identified in surface nodules, subsurface lesions, or airways. Nematode burdens were light to heavy and, in many cases, would have compromised the dolphins' health. The number of dolphins infected was related to species, year, season, age class, and geographic region. Nematodes were found in all three species but were more prevalent in short-beaked common dolphins (mean annual prevalence526%) than in bottlenose dolphins (12%). There was a significant increase in prevalence of nematodes in short-beaked common dolphins in 2005-06 (63%) compared to 1990-2004 (14%), with a peak in April-June. More young short-beaked common dolphins were infected than subadults and adults and, during the unusual infection event, there were more dependent calves (,130 cm) than juveniles. There were also more infections in dependent bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) calves but no increase in overall prevalence was detected during 2005-06. Because neonates of both short-beaked common dolphins and bottlenose dolphins were infected, mother-to-calf transmission is suspected for these species in South Australia. Numbers of infections in short-beaked common dolphins were higher in Gulf St Vincent than elsewhere in South Australia, particularly in 2005-06. The cause of the unusual infection event in short-beaked common dolphins is unknown. We discuss the influence of dolphin diet, life history, and external factors.

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Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

Lehnert

Boyi

Siebert

2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Knowledge about parasite species of orcas, their prevalence, and impact on the health status is scarce. Only two records of lungworm infections in orca exist from male neonatal orcas stranded in Germany and Norway. The nematodes were identified as Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae), which have been described in the respiratory tract of multiple odontocete species, but morphological identification to species level remained impossible due to the fragile structure and ambiguous morphological features. Pseudaliid nematodes (Metastrongyloidea) are specific to the respiratory tract of toothed whales and are hypothesized to have become almost extinct in terrestrial mammals. Severe lungworm infections can cause secondary bacterial infections and bronchopneumonia and are a common cause of mortality in odontocetes. DNA isolations and subsequent sequencing of the rDNA ITS‐2 and mtDNA COI revealed nucleotide differences between previously described Halocercus species from common dolphin ( H. delphini ) and harbor porpoises ( H. invaginatus ) that were comparatively analyzed, pointing toward a potentially new species of pseudaliid lungworm in orcas. New COI sequences of six additional metastrongyloid lungworms of seals and porpoises were derived to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and differences between nine species of Metastrongyloidea.

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Lungworms of Marine Mammals

Cited by 65 publications

References 80 publications

Health Status of Harp Seals (Phoca Groenlandica) and Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, Concurrent With Their Expanding Range

Health Status of Harp Seals (Phoca Groenlandica) and Hooded Seals (Cystophora Cristata) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, Concurrent With Their Expanding Range

Eighteen-Year Study of South Australian Dolphins Shows Variation in Lung Nematodes by Season, Year, Age Class, and Location

Potential new species of pseudaliid lung nematode (Metastrongyloidea) from two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca) characterized by ITS‐2 and COI sequences

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