Lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin content in egg yolk and their absence in fish and seafood

Rasmussen, Helen; Muzhingi, Tawanda; Eggert, Emily M.R.; Johnson, Elizabeth J.

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2012.04.009

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Their finding is, indeed, consistent with data from our laboratory (see Figure 1, showing the presence of a peak with the same spectrophotometric characteristics and retention time of MZ in salmon skin; note, we have also identified MZ in other marine species, but we present just one example here for the purpose of this reply). Of note, our findings are consistent with all the published literature reporting on MZ in fish (see Schiedt et al, 10 Maoka et al, 9 and Katsuyma et al 11 ) with the sole exception of the recent paper by Rasmussen et al, 8 which did not detect MZ in such marine species. However, as explained above and in our Review, 2 we believe that the failure to saponify the fish and seafood samples tested precluded the identification of L, Z, and MZ in the foods tested.…”

Section: Eyesupporting

confidence: 93%

Response to Bernstein et al

Nolan¹,

Meagher²,

Kashani³

et al. 2013

Eye

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Sir, Response to Bernstein et alWe welcome the letter by Bernstein et al 1 in response to our publication 'What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from?' in Eye 2013. 2 In their letter, Bernstein and colleagues argue that our review article contains 'several critical errors that need to be considered. ' Bernstein and colleagues endeavour to make their points under the following headings:1. Quantitation of xanthophylls using reverse-and normal-phase HPLC. 2. The role of saponification in the quantitation of xanthophylls in food and supplements. 3. Meso-zeaxanthin in lutein supplements.4. Additional evidence supporting lutein as the precursor of meso-zeaxanthin.In our letter below, we reply directly to these points in normal font. Statements made by Bernstein and colleagues are presented in bold font for clarity.1. Quantitation of xanthophylls using reverse-and normal-phase HPLC. 'Nolan et al argue that the two-step HPLC method used for MZ quantitation by Johnson et al is limited because of the labor involved in the manual collection of the total Z þ MZ fraction in the first step. The authors suggest that this process is prone to human error, that only a portion of the Z þ MZ fraction would be collected, and that this fraction typically is contaminated with L carryover. ' We thank Bernstein et al for summarising the two-step method in their correspondence, commonly used for quantifying MZ. We are very familiar with this method, as we have used it in several of our recently published studies. [3][4][5][6] In our review article, we point out the limitations of the standard 'two-step method' commonly used by many laboratories to quantify MZ. These limitations include the following: its labour intensive nature due to manual collection; operator dependency and potential for human error; and a very long sample run time, rendering it difficult to perform bulk analysis (eg, for clinical trials). Our concerns with respect to the traditional 'two-step method' remain, and we believe that it is important to recognise these limitations when discussing published methodology and findings from papers, and that is why we included these points in our review.Bernstein et al premise their defence of the methodology of carotenoid quantification in the paper by Johnson et al 7 on the basis that:'The fact that L, MZ and Z appear on the subsequent normal-phase, chiral column chromatogram verifies that the desired peaks were collected, and this was also confirmed by absorption spectra.'Bernstein et al attempt to address our concerns with respect to the unknown peak that was found to co-elute with the Z fractions of retinal samples in the report by Johnson et al 7 by stating that 'ythe peak also appeared in the reverse phase HPLC of retinal samples from the carotenoid-free monkeys. ' We agree that identifying the peaks and confirming their presence by assessing their absorbance spectra are important. However, it is clear from the Johnson et al 7 paper that the already challenging method used to analyse MZ was made more diffic...

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Section: Eyesupporting

confidence: 93%

Response to Bernstein et al

Nolan¹,

Meagher²,

Kashani³

et al. 2013

Eye

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“…It had been suggested that the MZ found and reported by Maoka et al 37 was just an artefact of degradation from L, 21 which occurred during the sample-extraction saponification process (given that the biotransformation of L to Z is an alkaline hydrolysis reaction). 35 However, we have tested this possibility in our laboratory and found that saponification of purified L does not generate MZ, even with high concentrations of KOH.…”

Section: Origin Of the Macular Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…20 Although MZ, L, and Z exhibit very similar absorption spectra, it is possible to distinguish them from one another based on slight variations in relative absorbances (nm) and intensities (AU). 21 At the macula, L is reported to be a superior filter of short-wavelength (blue) light when compared with Z, because of its orientation with respect to the plane of the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane, which is both parallel and perpendicular. 22 In contrast, Z and MZ exhibit an orientation only perpendicular to this layer.…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of the Macular Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This general method of carotenoid analysis has been adapted and modified by several laboratories for the purpose of MZ quantification. 21,[27][28][29][30] Modifications are typically made to the first assay, where a variety of reverse phase columns and solvent compositions can produce acceptable L and total Z separations. 31 However, the normal phase column (Daicel ChiralPak AD (Daicel Chiral Technologies Europe, Illkirch -Cedex, France); 250 Â 4.6 mm 2 ) used in the second assay has remained constant and universal among studies reporting on MZ.…”

Section: Identification and Quantification Of The Macular Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from?

Nolan

Kashani

et al. 2013

Eye

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The carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) accumulate in the central retina, where they are collectively known as macular pigment (MP). Each of these three compounds exhibit a regional dominance, with MZ, Z, and L being the dominant carotenoids at the epicentre, mid-periphery, and periphery of the macula, respectively. There is a growing and evidencebased consensus that MP is important for optimal visual performance, because of its blue light-filtering properties and consequential attenuation of chromatic aberration, veiling luminance, and blue haze. It has also been hypothesised that MP may protect against age-related macular degeneration because of the same optical properties and also because of the antioxidant capacity of the three macular carotenoids. Challenges inherent in the separation and quantification of MZ have resulted in a paucity of data on the content of this carotenoid in foodstuffs, and have rendered the study of tissue concentrations of this compound problematic. As a consequence, the few studies that have investigated MZ have, perhaps, been disproportionately influential in the ongoing debate about the origins of this macular carotenoid. Certainly, the narrative that retinal MZ is derived wholly and solely from retinal L needs to be revisited.

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“…Humans are unable to synthesize lutein and zeaxanthin and hence rely on their food supply and/or dietary supplements. Meso-xanthin is a metabolite of lutein and also can be absorbed from the diet [4]. Lutein and zeaxanthin are found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables, egg yolk, corn, citrus, and other fruits [5].…”

Section: Lutein and Zeaxanthin-visual Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging Bioactives to Support Human Health through the Lifecycle: Scientific Evidence and Regulatory Considerations

Rai¹,

Rai²

2017

Functional Food - Improve Health Through Adequate Food

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The identiication of bioactive food components and understanding their role as adjunct therapeutic agents in disease management and prevention has become a signiicant area of research. Accumulating evidence suggests a link between certain bioactive food components and health outcomes, for example, lutein and zeaxanthin for visual performance and delaying age-related macular degeneration, probiotics for gastrointestinal outcomes related to irritable bowel syndrome or prebiotics for its potential programming of the microbiome in early life to inluence later life outcomes.. This rapidly developing science has triggered discussions to determine if public health recommendations can be made on bioactive foods. However, regulatory guidance is necessary to guide the development the science, it's consideration for public health policy and the communication thereof to both healthcare professionals and consumers. This chapter will focus on the clinical and basic science supporting a role for lutein and pre-and probiotics in modulating several aspects of human health, including the gut microbiome through the human lifecycle. Opportunities to translate the science to consumers in a meaningful and accurate way will also be highlighted along with the regulatory landscape to shape the testing, communication and commercialization of these bioactives.

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Lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin content in egg yolk and their absence in fish and seafood

Cited by 43 publications

References 16 publications

Response to Bernstein et al

Response to Bernstein et al

What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from?

Leveraging Bioactives to Support Human Health through the Lifecycle: Scientific Evidence and Regulatory Considerations

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