LXI.—The decomposition of carbamide

Burrows, George Joseph; Fawsitt, Charles Edward

doi:10.1039/ct9140500609

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Urea is unusually stable due to its resonance stabilization (estimated to be 30−40 kcal/mol), making the hydrolytic decomposition a very slow reaction. Its experimental determination is further complicated by the existence of a competitive reaction, in which urea decomposes unimolecularly, to give isocyanic acid and the ammonium ion. ,,,− Because the latter is favored at any pH, − the hydrolytic decomposition of urea has never been observed. In spite of this, research has been carried out, ,,,− ,, in part to determine the proficiency of urease and related amidohydrolases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w

Estiú

Merz

2007

J. Phys. Chem. B

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The hydrolysis of small amides has garnered major attention due to its relevance to peptide hydrolysis, one of the most fundamental reactions of biology. Both experimental and theoretical research efforts have studied the reaction in different media, and a consensus has been reached regarding the specific acid- and base-catalyzed reaction pathways. Nevertheless, for the water reaction, large discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results are found in the literature. Herein, we report the results of theoretical calculations of formamide and urea hydrolysis at different pH values. Model systems have been built clustering one and two water molecules with the reactive amide. A careful analysis of the reaction pathways at different temperatures has allowed us to accurately reproduce available experimental data and to separate the water reactions from their acid and base counterparts. The relevance of the results in providing an accurate definition of the proficiency of amidohydrolases is discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acid -Catalyzed Hydrolysis. Similar to the base-catalyzed reaction, the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea follows an elimination reaction to give isocyanic acid and NH 4 + . ,,− , No experimental or theoretical studies have been reported for the hydrolytic decomposition pathway to our knowledge.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w

Estiú

Merz

2007

J. Phys. Chem. B

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“…(2) After 15 minutes (see Experimental) three were removed and quenched. (3) The other samples were allowed to run 15 additional minutes. ( 4) All the samples were analyzed and the ammonium ion concentration found in the blank (step 2) was subtracted from that found in the sample (step 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Decomposition of Urea in Aqueous Media

Shaw¹,

Bordeaux²

1955

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

332

240

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“…A consideration of the literature on the rate of decomposition of urea (Armstrong & Horton, 1912;Burrows & Fawsitt, 1914;E. A. Werner, 1918;Price, 1919) shows divergence of opinion due to lack of understanding of the structure of urea.…”

Section: Reaction Group 3 Decomposition Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nitrogen Cycle in the Sea

Cooper

1937

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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i and 2) Brandt (1899) first suggested that phytoplankton organisms must, by removing from the illuminated surface layers of the sea the nutrients required for their further growth, place a limit on their continued multiplication, and he and Raben for long worked on the problem (see Brandt, 1927, for review of earlier work). The thesis has been proved true beyond all doubt by work which has followed improvements in analytical technique by Atkins and Harvey. In many waters reserves of nitrate are formed during the winter months and are used up, often completely, with the coming of longer days. Interest is now centred on the mechanism by which the nitrate reserve is built up and depleted and on the role played by other compounds of nitrogen. The time has come to review the nitrogen problem as a whole and to assess the importance of many possible reactions in which nitrogen may be involved. The plan of this paper is based on Fig. 1, in which associated reactions are N204 -»-NMejO--NHMe, + CHjO Fig. 1. The numbers indicate the reaction group in which the reaction is considered in the text.

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LXI.—The decomposition of carbamide

Abstract: Most experiments were made in duplicate, and the mean value (A-x)~ was taken in calculating the constant k..

Cited by 14 publications

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The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w

The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w

The Decomposition of Urea in Aqueous Media

The Nitrogen Cycle in the Sea

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LXI.—The decomposition of carbamide

Abstract: Most experiments were made in duplicate, and the mean value (A-x)~ was taken in calculating the constant k..

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by kw

The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by kw

The Decomposition of Urea in Aqueous Media

The Nitrogen Cycle in the Sea

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Product

Resources

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The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w

The Hydrolysis of Amides and the Proficiency of Amidohydrolases. The Burden Borne by k_w