Lyme Disease: Etiology, Transmission, Impact and Control

Abstract

Lyme disease is an infection caused by bacteria known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is the most widespread vector-borne disease in the United States, and transmitted to human beings through the bite of Ixodes tick. However, significant portion (10-30%) individuals may experience ancillary nonspecific symptoms that last months after the completion of therapy. The group of symptoms known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), a form of the more general term "chronic Lyme disease," includes tiredness, cognitive impairment, and musculoskeletal discomfort. These symptoms are linked to disability and last longer than six months. Patients with nonspecific symptoms assumed to be caused by a supposed persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection and may or may not exhibit signs of Lyme disease are referred to as having chronic Lyme disease. The diagnosis of PTLDS and chronic Lyme disease has become more and more important in immunologists' practices because it is difficult to diagnose. ELISA and western blot testing are useful in diagnosing Lyme disease. The cornerstone of care is still antibiotic therapy. This chapter reviews the evidence that supports current understanding of the life cycle, historical biogeography, and evolution of Ixodes spp., the ticks that carry the Lyme disease, as well as their methods of dispersal, and disease-transmission mechanisms, and the efficacy of vector control interventions.