Lymphatic Filariasis: Current Status of Elimination Using Chemotherapy and the Need for a Vaccine

Kalyanasundaram, Ramaswamy

doi:10.1007/7355_2015_5002

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…An effective prophylactic vaccine against LF can support the effort towards control and total elimination of LF from a community (Ramaswamy 2016). Subjects living in an endemic region can develop natural immunity and carry protective antibodies against the infective stage of LF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine formulation against lymphatic filariasis

et al. 2017

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Mass drug administration (MDA) is the current strategy for interrupting the transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection and control of the disease in endemic areas. However, subject noncompliance has resulted in the presence of several ‘transmission hotspots’ in the endemic regions threatening the reemergence of LF. This situation is further complicated by the fact that the drugs used in MDA are not effective against adult LF worms, a major concern for the control strategy. Thus, there is clearly a need for an effective and sustainable approach to control LF. Prophylactic vaccine combined with targeted treatment of infected patients and vector control is suggested as a more sustainable strategy to eliminate LF infection from endemic regions. A multivalent vaccine (rBmHAT) developed in our laboratory confered about 90% protection in rodents. However, when we tested the rBmHAT vaccine along with alum in rhesus macaques only about 40% protection was achieved and the immune response obtained was Th2 biased. In an attempt to improve the vaccine, in this study we tested two vaccine antigens (rBmHAT and rBmHAX) along with two adjuvant formulations [alum+GLA (AL019) and mannosylated chitosan (MCA)] in a mouse model. Our results show that rBmHAT is a better vaccine antigen than rBmHAX. Combination of rBmHAT with AL019 or MCA adjuvants gave 94% and 88% protection respectively against challenge infections. Immunized animals developed antigen specific memory T cells that secreted significant levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-17 suggesting the generation of a balanced Th1/Th2 responses following immunization. A major advantage of MCA adjuvant is that the vaccine booster doses can be administered orally. These studies thus showed that rBmHAT is a better vaccine antigen and can be given in combination with AL019 or MCA adjuvant to obtain excellent results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine formulation against lymphatic filariasis

et al. 2017

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“…When the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sera from these EN subjects were exposed ex vivo to the infective stages of the parasite in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, significant numbers of the larvae were killed, suggesting the presence of protective antibodies [19][20][21]. Several macrophages were found attached to the dead larvae [22]. These macrophages secreted myeloperoxidases, nitric oxide, and damaging nitrogen intermediates, which are believed to play a role in the killing of the L3 stages of the parasite.…”

Section: Can Humans Develop Protective Immunity Against Lf?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rodents are good model, but the Brugia parasites do not develop into adult worms in immunocompetent mice. However, the brugia parasite can develop into adult worms in nude mice, but this model cannot be used for vaccine development studies [6,22]. Jird and mastomys are permissive hosts for brugia parasites.…”

Section: Lack Of Suitable Animal Models Handicapped the Development Of A Vaccine For Lfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parasites can develop into adults in these animals and produce microfilariae that appear in the peripheral blood similar to that in the human. Therefore, these models are widely used in challenge studies, where parasite establishment can be determined in vaccinated animals [6,22]. This model, however, has some drawbacks in that there are no specific reagents available to measure immunological parameters in jirds and mastomys.…”

Section: Lack Of Suitable Animal Models Handicapped the Development Of A Vaccine For Lfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, relapse or reemergence of the disease will take several years before it becomes a national concern. Inducing herd immunity with a prophylactic vaccine is a critical step in stopping the establishment and spread of the infection and for achieving elimination in a community [7,22,69].…”

Section: Future Prospects Of a Prophylactic Vaccine Against Lfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in Vaccine Development for Human Lymphatic Filariasis

Kalyanasundaram

Khatri

Chauhan

2020

Trends in Parasitology

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According to the World Health Organization, currently, over 880 million people are at risk of acquiring the lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection in over 52 countries worldwide. Current approaches to control LF by 2020 are reaching short of its anticipated goal. Several studies suggest the existence of protective immunity against LF in the human. Thus, it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF infections in the human. Several potential vaccine candidates were identified and tested for their vaccine potential against LF. Preclinical studies to date suggest that it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF. Much work needs to be done, but it is clear that a prophylactic vaccine combined with targeted chemotherapy is critically required for eliminating LF worldwide.

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Next Step Lymphatic Filariasis Eradication: Current Status in the Development of a Vaccine Against Lymphatic Filariasis

Kalyanasundaram

2018

Lymphatic Filariasis

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Lymphatic Filariasis: Current Status of Elimination Using Chemotherapy and the Need for a Vaccine

Cited by 5 publications

References 123 publications

Improving the efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine formulation against lymphatic filariasis

Improving the efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine formulation against lymphatic filariasis

Advances in Vaccine Development for Human Lymphatic Filariasis

Next Step Lymphatic Filariasis Eradication: Current Status in the Development of a Vaccine Against Lymphatic Filariasis

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