Lymphatic flow rates and first‐aid in simulated peripheral snake or spider envenomation

A Localizing Circumferential Compression Device Delayed Death After Artificial Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Envenomation to the Torso of an Animal Model in a Pilot Study

“…Prior studies showed that extremity immobilization and use of a compression device slowed the spread of venom and delayed the onset of systemic toxicity [15][16][17][18][19]. The delay of onset of systemic symptoms has been shown to be related to the ability to retard lymphatic spread of the venom by applying an extremity compression device [15,16].…”

“…Previously used field methods include tourniquets, ice, venom extraction, and electric shock therapy, but all can cause harm and most are no longer recommended [11][12][13][14]. Several studies have shown efficacy of extremity immobilization and lymphatic compression bandages as a way to retard spread of venom as a bridge to definitive medical care [15][16][17][18][19]. No previous studies have examined, characterized, or developed management strategies for caring for victims of a proximal extremity or torso envenomation.…”

Pressure-Immobilization Bandages Delay Toxicity in a Porcine Model of Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) Envenomation

“…26 The third method is the placement of a full-limb air splint that is then inflated. 27 These devices have been evaluated in human studies with radiolabeled mock venoms and in animal studies with radiolabeled venoms from Russell viper (Daboia russellii) and the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). [25][26][27][28][29][30] In these studies, venom assays rather than clinical parameters were measured.…”

“…27 These devices have been evaluated in human studies with radiolabeled mock venoms and in animal studies with radiolabeled venoms from Russell viper (Daboia russellii) and the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). [25][26][27][28][29][30] In these studies, venom assays rather than clinical parameters were measured. Both the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and Monash methods have been effective in retarding systemic spread of real and mock venoms in studies, [9][10][11][12][13][14] but the air splint has not been evaluated in this manner.…”

“…24 The company does retain limited emergency stocks of the product. 24 Pressure-immobilization techniques, recommended for elapid bites in Australia, impede lymphatic return to the central circulation, thereby sequestering the venom near the bite site and delaying systemic toxicity, [25][26][27] which allows more time to access definitive care in the form of antivenom and advanced airway management. These devices are not tourniquets and are designed to preserve arterial and deep venous flow.…”