Lymphatic System in Organ Development, Function, and Regeneration

Unveiling the Spatiotemporal Diversity of the Endothelium in Development: A Multi-Omics Approach

“…5 A key developmental change occurs during mid-gestation when the PROX1 gene activates, transforming venous endothelial cells into lymphatic endothelium, which is vital for draining interstitial fluid and supporting immune responses. 6,7 Despite this knowledge, there is still much to learn about the heterogeneity among arterial and venous endothelial cells, which is only now being thoroughly investigated.…”

Congenital Vascular and Lymphatic Diseases

“…107,108 CONGENITAL LYMPHATIC ANOMALIES: LYMPHATIC MALFORMATIONS, COMPLEX LYMPHATIC ANOMALIES, AND PRIMARY LYMPHEDEMA Congenital lymphatic diseases, classified into lymphatic malformations and primary lymphedema, are slow-flow vascular anomalies (≈10%) of lymphatic vessels, often affecting interstitial fluid drainage, the immune system, and organ functions at birth. 2 Among lymphatic malformations, the common solitary cystic lymphatic malformations are further categorized as microcystic, macrocystic, or mixed, which appear most often in the head or neck area (≈75%). 109 Although cystic lymphatic malformations are not malignant, they can still present with severe complications and even threaten patients' survival due to their capacity to grow to large sizes, leading to infection, obstruction of organs, bleeding, or lymph leakage.…”

“…Congenital hemangioma is a rare congenital vascular tumor that does not grow after birth and is associated with somatic activating missense variants in GNAQ (guanine nucleotide-binding protein, q polypeptide) and GNA11 (guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha 11). [6][7][8][9] Currently, there are 3 recognized types of congenital hemangiomas (1) rapidly involuting, which consists of hypercellular lobules of small, well-formed vessels; (2) noninvoluting, which consists of large lobules of tightly packed blood vessels with curvilinear channels around the lobules, and (3) partially involuting. 5 A prenatal diagnosis of congenital hemangiomas can be made with fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).…”

“…At the dawn of the 19th century, the treatment options for congenital vascular tumors were largely limited to observation and surgery to alleviate the symptoms. 1,2 The last few decades, however, have seen a paradigm shift with the advent of multidisciplinary teams and novel treatment modalities at pediatric cancer centers, dramatically transforming the therapeutic approach to these tumors. The Vascular Anomalies Working Group of the European Reference Network for Rare Multisystemic Vascular Diseases has evidence-based recommendations on the diagnosis and management of various vascular tumors from panels of experts in numerous medical specialties.…”

Cardiac and intestinal tissue conduct developmental and reparative processes in response to lymphangiocrine signaling

“…A vasodilatory peptide and member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family, adrenomedullin (AM or ADM) is another cardioprotective lymphangiocrine factor that has been shown to improve cardiac function ( Janardhan et al, 2023 ) ( Figure 1 ). The expression of AM in isolated lymphatic vessels from adult mice was found to resemble the expression of AM in the entire embryo at approximately E10-12.5 ( Fritz-Six et al, 2008 ).…”