Lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system

González-Hernández, Sara; Mukouyama, Yoh-suke

doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1150775

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…CNS is often considered an immune-privileged site due to its unique characteristics, including the absence of a classically defined lymphatic system (González-Hernández and Mukouyama, 2023 ). Despite this privilege, innate immunity likely plays a crucial role in controlling pathogen invasion within the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease

Liao,

Zhu,

Liao

et al. 2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Prion diseases, such as scrapie, entail the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) within the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the pattern recognition system. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a central role in orchestrating host innate immune responses. The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) were not well-defined. To establish a model of prion diseases in BALB/C mice, the 22L strain was employed. The features of the 22L strain were analyzed, and the cerebellum exhibited severe pathological changes. TLR1-13 levels in the cerebellum were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at time points of 60, 90, 120, and the final end point (145 days post-infection). During the pathogenesis, the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 increased in a time-dependent manner. This trend mirrored the expression patterns of PrPSc (the pathological isoform of the prion protein) and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Notably, at the end point, TLR1-13 levels were significantly elevated. Protein level of TLR7 and TLR9 showed increasing at the end point of the 22L-infected mice. A deeper understanding of the increased Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in prion diseases could shed light on their role in initiating immune responses at various stages during pathogenesis. This insight is particularly relevant when considering TLRs as potential therapeutic targets for prion diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease

Liao,

Zhu,

Liao

et al. 2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…Nowadays we know that immune privilege is maintained thanks to immune cells by an active rather than passive process ( Hong and Van Kaer, 1999 ). Immune privileged organs include the eye ( Du and Yan, 2023 ; Wang et al, 2023 ) and the brain ( Rustenhoven and Kipnis, 2022 ; González-Hernández and Mukouyama, 2023 ) as well as the pregnant uterus ( Zhang et al, 2016 ) and testis ( Kaur et al, 2021 ). However, so far no one has described a similar “immune privilege” inside the uterine tube.…”

Section: Possible “Immune Privilege” Of Uterine Tubementioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the immune cells in the wall of the human uterine tube and their possible impact on reproduction—uterine tube as a possible immune privileged organ

Visnyaiová,

Varga,

Feitscherová

et al. 2024

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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The uterine tube, as well as other parts of the upper female reproductive system, is immunologically unique in its requirements for tolerance to allogenic sperm and semi-allogenic embryos, yet responds to an array of sexually transmitted pathogens. To understand this dichotomy, there is a need to understand the functional morphology of immune cells in the wall of the uterine tube. Thus, we reviewed scientific literature regarding immune cells and the human uterine tube by using the scientific databases. The human uterine tube has a diverse population of immunocompetent cells representing both the innate and adaptive immune systems. We describe in detail the possible roles of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (macrophages and dendritic cells), T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils and mast cells in association with the reproductive functions of uterine tubes. We are also discussing about the possible “immune privilege” of the uterine tube, as another mechanism to tolerate sperm and embryo without eliciting an inflammatory immune response. In uterine tube is not present an anatomical blood-tissue barrier between antigens and circulation. However, the immune cells of the uterine tube probably represent a type of “immunological barrier,” which probably includes the uterine tube among the immunologically privileged organs. Understanding how immune cells in the female reproductive tract play roles in reproduction is essential to understand not only the mechanisms of gamete transport and fertilization as well as embryo transport through the uterine tube, but also in improving results from assisted reproduction.

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“…The brain was once considered an immune privileged organ, however, more recent studies highlight the presence of resident immune cells within various compartments of the CNS (Buckley and McGavern, 2022;González-Hernández and Mukouyama, 2023). One major site for CNS immune surveillance is the dura mater, a collagenous membrane forming the outermost layer of the meninges.…”

Section: Immune Activation Through Dura and Glymphatic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute brain injury and nanomedicine: sex as a biological variable

Simmons,

Mihalek,

Bimonte Nelson

et al. 2024

Front. Biomater. Sci.

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Sex as a biological variable has been recognized for decades to be a critical aspect of the drug development process, as differences in drug pharmacology and toxicity in female versus male subjects can drive the success or failure of new therapeutics. These concepts in development of traditional drug systems have only recently begun to be applied for advancing nanomedicine systems that are designed for drug delivery or imaging in the central nervous system (CNS). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of two fields of research - nanomedicine and acute brain injury—centering on sex as a biological variable. We highlight areas of each field that provide foundational understanding of sex as a biological variable in nanomedicine, brain development, immune response, and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury and stroke. We describe current knowledge on female versus male physiology as well as a growing number of empirical reports that directly address sex as a biological variable in these contexts. In sum, the data make clear two key observations. First, the manner in which sex affects nanomedicine distribution, toxicity, or efficacy is important, complex, and depends on the specific nanoparticle system under considerations; second, although field knowledge is accumulating to enable us to understand sex as a biological variable in the fields of nanomedicine and acute brain injury, there are critical gaps in knowledge that will need to be addressed. We anticipate that understanding sex as a biological variable in the development of nanomedicine systems to treat acute CNS injury will be an important determinant of their success.

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Lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system

Cited by 7 publications

References 143 publications

Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease

Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease

Morphology of the immune cells in the wall of the human uterine tube and their possible impact on reproduction—uterine tube as a possible immune privileged organ

Acute brain injury and nanomedicine: sex as a biological variable

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