Lymphatico‐venous communications in the common rat and their significance

Job, Thesle T.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000240404

Cited by 42 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Best known anomalies o f this kind are extranodal bypasses, i.e. lymphatico-venous [2,4] and lymphatico-lymphatic [I, 5,6] anastomoses. This paper deals with less well known intranodal bypasses in retroperitoneal rat lymph nodes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 44%

Perforating Lymphatic Vessels in Rat Lymph Nodes

Ludwig¹

1973

Oncology

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Perforating lymphatic vessels are anomalies that connect the afferent lymphatic vessels and marginal (subcapsular) sinuses with the medullary sinuses. They were found in about 5% of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes of rats. After injection of microspheres into tributary vessels, perforating lymphatic vessels, together with the subcapsular sinuses, filled and thus bypassed the most effective portion of the lymph node filter. Therefore, in experimental studies of the lymph node filter, findings may be misleading unless a search for anomalies of this type has been made.

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mentioning

confidence: 44%

Perforating Lymphatic Vessels in Rat Lymph Nodes

Ludwig¹

1973

Oncology

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“…The earlier opinion was that erythrocytes entered the rat HN by reflux via lymphaticovenous communications, but this was discounted based on the presence of venous valves and the pattern of erythrocyte distribution [2,14]. Some studies showed that erythrocytes entered the rat HN via afferent lymphatics, and this argued strongly against any direct communication between blood vessels and sinuses [8,13,16].…”

contrasting

confidence: 40%

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Vascular System in the Hemal Node of the Bovine Cervical Region

Zhang

Yasuda

Hosaka

et al. 2013

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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AbSTRAcT. The vasculature of the hemal node (HN) from the bovine cervical region was investigated using a combination of vascular corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy. A dense vessel network of capsule was found surrounding the cast of HN parenchyma and had no connection with the subcapsular sinus; these vessels converged and exited the HN via the hilar vein. Within the HN, many anastomoses were found between the capillary networks and the surrounding sinuses in the follicular zone and deep cortex. The sinusoid pathway in the HN was characterized by subcapsular sinuses, which were continuous with the trabecular sinuses and tubular sinuses over the parenchyma, and these sinuses finally entered the medullary veins. In our study, direct communications between cortical capillaries and subcapsular sinuses were identified. This may explain the origin of numerous erythrocytes in the HN sinusoids and help to understand lymphocyte migration of the HN. The hemal node (HN) appears to have a lymphoid structure, in which sinuses filled with erythrocytes are present in place of lymph sinuses. HNs are independent lymphatic organs that exist in various mammalian species and also in some birds [1,4,9,20,24,25]. Gibbes [10] described the presence of HNs in humans for the first time in 1884, and they were named by Robertson [19] in 1890. Since then, contradictory views have been held about their function and general biological significance [4,9,20,25]. In recent years, some new concepts have been proposed for the function of HNs including erythrophagocytosis, erythropoiesis, platelet formation and immune cell activation [4,5,21]. An understanding of the HN vascular system is essential, because lymphoid tissue in HNs may play an important role in immune function. The technique of vascular corrosion casting (Vcc) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can provide information on the three-dimensional structure of the HN and make it possible to study the HN vasculature in detail. Since previous studies of the HN vasculature were performed in rats [3], we undertook a study of the HN from the bovine cervical region to define its vascular architecture using a combination of Vcc and SEM.All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal care and Use committee of the University of Miyazaki. Japanese black calves (3-8 months of age, n=10) were obtained from local farms in Miyazaki Prefecture. The HNs (n=30) along the deep cervical artery were collected with surrounding tissue and cannulated with a fine needle after isolation of the ascending arteriole under a stereomicroscope. The HNs were injected according to the previous reports [3,18]. Briefly, after flushing with warm heparinized saline, 2-3 ml resin (Mercox II Kit, Ladd Research, Williston, VT, U.S.A.) was injected into the HN slowly using a disposable syringe. For polymerization of the resin, the HN with some surrounding tissue was immersed in hot water (60°c) for at least 15 min immediately after resin injection. All tissue surrounding the resin...

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“…Usually, only the paired junction in the jugular region persists into adulthood, but additional lymphatico-venous anastomoses at both central and peripheral locations have been observed (Wolfel 1965;Threefoot and Kossover 1966;Pressman et al 1967;Aboul-Enein et al 1984). Several mammalian species maintain lumbar junctions into the inferior vena cava and the renal vein, draining the lymphatics of the lower extremities and the mesentery (Silvester 1912;Job 1918).…”

Section: Birds and Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 44%

Genesis and pathogenesis of lymphatic vessels

Jeltsch

Tammela

Alitalo

et al. 2003

Cell and Tissue Research

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The lymphatic system is generally regarded as supplementary to the blood vascular system, in that it transports interstitial fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells back into the blood. However, in insects, the open hemolymphatic (or lymphohematic) system ensures the circulation of immune cells and interstitial fluid through the body. The Drosophila homolog of the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) gene family is expressed in hemocytes, suggesting a close relationship to the endothelium that develops later in phylogeny. Lymph hearts are typical organs for the propulsion of lymph in lower vertebrates and are still transiently present in birds. The lymphatic endothelial marker VEGFR-3 is transiently expressed in embryonic blood vessels and is crucial for their development. We therefore regard the question of whether the blood vascular system or the lymphatic system is primary or secondary as open. Future molecular comparisons should be performed without any bias based on the current prevalence of the blood vascular system over the lymphatic system. Here, we give an overview of the structure, function, and development of the lymphatics, with special emphasis on the recently discovered lymphangiogenic growth factors.

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Lymphatico‐venous communications in the common rat and their significance

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Perforating Lymphatic Vessels in Rat Lymph Nodes

Perforating Lymphatic Vessels in Rat Lymph Nodes

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Vascular System in the Hemal Node of the Bovine Cervical Region

Genesis and pathogenesis of lymphatic vessels

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