Lymphocyte responses to varicella zoster virus in the elderly

Hayward, Anthony R.; Herberger, Mark

doi:10.1007/bf00916011

Cited by 119 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The data suggest that VZV reactivation in ZSH does occur at levels similar to those in RHS and that the VZV load does not play a major role in causing the different manifestations of RHS and ZSH. It has been reported that a VZV-specific T-cell response is correlated with the risk of herpes zoster (7). In addition, depression of cellular immunity against VZV has been demonstrated in RHS and ZSH (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Patients with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and Zoster Sine Herpete

Furuta¹,

Ohtani²,

Sawa

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation causes facial nerve palsy in Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) and zoster sine herpete (ZSH) with and without zoster rash, respectively. In the present study, we analyzed the VZV DNA copy number in saliva samples from 25 patients with RHS and 31 patients with ZSH using a TaqMan PCR assay to determine differences in the viral load between the two diseases. VZV copy number in saliva peaked near the day of the appearance of zoster in patients with RHS. Consequently, VZV DNA was less frequently detected in patients with RHS who exhibited facial palsy several days after the appearance of zoster. These findings suggest that the VZV load in saliva samples reflects the kinetics of viral reactivation in patients with RHS. In addition, VZV DNA was equally detected in saliva from patients with RHS and ZSH, and there was no significant difference in the highest viral copy number between patients with RHS and those with ZSH. The VZV load does not appear to reflect a major difference between RHS and ZSH.Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is a varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-associated neurological disease, characterized by zoster around the ears or in the oropharynx and by acute peripheral facial palsy. In addition, RHS is frequently complicated by a disorder of the eighth cranial nerve. Facial palsy and zoster do not always appear simultaneously, and some patients with RHS exhibit facial palsy several days before or after the onset of zoster. VZV also causes acute peripheral facial palsy with the absence of skin lesions; such cases are termed zoster sine herpete (ZSH) and are usually diagnosed using serological assays (11) or PCR (3, 12, 13). Although VZV reactivation causes facial nerve disorder in both RHS and ZSH, no study has analyzed the difference in virological background between these two diseases. One hypothesis to explain the presence or absence of mucocutaneous lesions (zoster) is that the VZV load is higher in RHS than in ZSH.Only a few studies have investigated the VZV load in patients with varicella and zoster. Studies using a TaqMan-based PCR assay have reported that the viral copy number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with varicella was higher than that in patients with zoster (6, 10). However, in these studies, VZV DNA was detected in PBMCs from only 20% of patients with zoster. In addition, it has been demonstrated that VZV DNA was not detected in PBMCs from patients with ZSH (3). Judging from these reports, an analysis of PBMCs does not provide a useful measure of the VZV load in facial palsy patients.Since it has been reported that VZV DNA is detectable in saliva samples from 58 to 59% of patients with RHS and ZSH (4), we employed a TaqMan PCR assay of DNAs from saliva samples for quantitation of VZV DNA and initially analyzed whether the viral copy number in saliva reflects the kinetics of VZV reactivation. We then compared the viral load between RHS and ZSH. MATERIALS AND METHODSPatient samples. Twenty-five patients with RHS and 31 patients with ZSH wer...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Patients with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and Zoster Sine Herpete

Furuta¹,

Ohtani²,

Sawa

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, the recurrent disease known as zoster occurs because T-cell immunity flags with age, whereas antibodies persist (60).…”

Section: Viruses That Infect the Mucosae And Then Cause Viremiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination

Plotkin

2010

Clin Vaccine Immunol

1,481

1,158

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.

show abstract

“…The SPS confirmed the increased incidence and severity of HZ in older individuals, which is associated with a progressive age-related decline in VZV-CMI [3,18,21,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Because recent studies, as well as data from individuals in the SPS, indicate that VZV vaccines can boost VZV-CMI in older individuals [21,32,[37][38][39], we believe that the observed efficacy of the investigational HZ vaccine reflects its ability to boost VZV-CMI in vaccinated subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Observations during the past 4 decades have supported the thesis that T cellmediated immunity to VZV (VZV-CMI) is the major determinant of the risk and severity of HZ [2,9,21,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The increased incidence and severity of HZ and PHN observed in older adults are closely correlated with a progressive age-related decline in VZV-CMI, whereas levels of antibody to VZV remain relatively constant with increasing age [2,9,21,24,[27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia

Oxman¹,

Levin²

2008

J INFECT DIS

160

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. Herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) cause significant morbidity in older adults. The incidence and severity of HZ and PHN increase with age in association with an age-related decline in varicellazoster virus (VZV)-specific cell-mediated immunity (VZV-CMI). VZV vaccines can boost VZV-CMI. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that VZV vaccination would protect older adults against HZ and PHN.Methods. We enrolled 38,546 adults у60 years of age in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an investigational HZ vaccine and actively followed subjects for the development of HZ. The primary end point was the burden of illness due to HZ (HZ BOI), a composite measure of the incidence, severity, and duration of pain and discomfort caused by HZ. The secondary end point was the incidence of PHN.Results. Subject retention was 195%. HZ vaccine reduced the HZ BOI by 61.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.1%-69.1%;) and reduced the incidence of PHN by 66.5% (95% CI, 47.5%-79.2%; ). The P ! .001 P ! .001 incidence of HZ was also reduced by 51.3% (95% CI, 44.2%-57.6%;). HZ vaccine was well tolerated; P ! .001 injection site reactions were generally mild. HZ vaccine neither caused nor induced HZ.Conclusion. The Shingles Prevention Study demonstrated that HZ vaccine significantly reduced the morbidity due to HZ and PHN in older adults.

show abstract

Lymphocyte responses to varicella zoster virus in the elderly

Cited by 119 publications

References 14 publications

Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Patients with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and Zoster Sine Herpete

Quantitation of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Patients with Ramsay Hunt Syndrome and Zoster Sine Herpete

Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination

Vaccination against Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About