Lymphocyte subsets' reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of 100 healthy adults—A monocentric German study

Jentsch-Ullrich, Kathleen; Koenigsmann, Michael; Mohren, Martin; Franke, Astrid

doi:10.1016/j.clim.2005.03.020

Cited by 138 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although the possibility does exist that women in our study with evidence of long-term HPV positivity have repeated viral acquisition over time rather than true viral persistence, our findings suggest that weaker cellular immune function may be strongly associated with length of HPV persistence. Stratification of our data by age indicated that the primary effect was evident among women 65 years of age and older, an age group where immune senescence has been previously reported (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40). Surprisingly, however, we did not observe evidence of age-related immune decline in our HPV-negative control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This second peak in HPV prevalence is poorly understood and could be due to cohort effects, re-exposure through new sexual contacts, and/or physiologic changes at the cervix with aging that increase the efficiency of HPV detectability by current sampling methods (25,26). It has also been suggested that this second peak might occur due to reemergence of latent HPV infections in older women (27), following age-related declines in immunologic competence (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that results from our 10,000-women population-based cohort in Guanacaste, Costa Rica indicated a second peak in HPV prevalence among women older than 55 years (41), and that immunologic competence has been reported to decrease with aging (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), we reasoned that targeting women in this age group for our investigation might prove fruitful.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

et al. 2006

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The development of cervical cancer and its precursors are linked to persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Host immune responses seem to be determinants of risk for this disease. However, little is known about the immunologic determinants of HPV persistence. Here, we examined the association between lymphoproliferative responses to antigens/mitogens and persistent HPV infection in women older than 45 years. Women included in this study were participants in a 10,000-woman population-based cohort study of cervical neoplasia in Costa Rica. Women older than 45 years and HPV DNA positive at a screening visit were selected as cases (n = 283). We selected a comparably sized control group of HPV DNA-negative women, matched to cases on age and time since enrollment (n = 261). At an additional clinical visit, women were cytologically and virologically rescreened, and cervical and blood specimens were collected. Proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), influenza virus (Flu), and HPV16 virus-like particle (VLP) were lower among women with persistent HPV infection [median counts per minute (cpm): 72,849 for PHA, 1,241 for Flu, and 727 for VLP] than for the control group (median cpm: 107,049 for PHA, 2,111 for Flu, and 2,068 for VLP). The decreases were most profound in women with long-term persistence and were only observed for the oldest age group (z65 years). Our results indicate that an impairment in host immunologic responses is associated to persistent HPV infection. The fact that effects were evident for all studied stimuli is suggestive of a generalized effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

et al. 2006

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“…However, other studies have shown different results. In a German study, a significant decline in CD8 ϩ T cells was observed beyond the age of 50 years old (7). In a study conducted in Burkina Faso, there was no statistically significant influence of age on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations (8).…”

Section: T He Quantification Of Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ T Cell Reference Values in the Mexico City Population

Moreno-Galván

Palafox

2013

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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T he quantification of CD4ϩ and CD8 ϩ T lymphocytes is the most important laboratory test used to evaluate and monitor the success of antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection (1, 2). In Mexico, this test has been performed for more than 12 years. However, the reference values for healthy people are adopted from textbooks or the flow cytometry supplier and are usually based on Caucasian populations. Studies in different countries have reported variations in T lymphocyte subset reference values, emphasizing the importance of considering gender, age, environment, and ethnicity when evaluating cell counts (3, 4). The objective of this study was to determine reference values for absolute CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cell counts for the adult Mexican population according to sex and age.Subjects. A total of 400 healthy Mexicans (200 women and 200 men) participated in this study. A demographic and epidemiological questionnaire was administered to all participants to gather information on age, address, education level, and family history. All individuals who were born in Mexico City and had ancestors born in Mexico City for at least three generations were included. Individuals from well-delimited ethnicities were not included in this analysis. The epidemiology of HIV in Mexico has been reported to be 4 HIV-infected adults for every 1,000 Mexicans. With regard to age group, people between 25 and 34 years of age represent the highest percentage of AIDS cases. Thus, the participants in the present study were grouped into the following 4 age ranges: 20 to 25, 26 to 30, 31 to 35, and 36 to 40 years old. We analyzed 50 individuals in each age and gender group. All study participants were examined by a medical doctor. The health statuses of the participants were assessed by reviewing their medical records and conducting a physical examination and clinical laboratory tests, including a negative HIV probe. The participants were recruited from private medical care facilities and medical societies. The samples were analyzed at the National Reference Institute Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencias Epidemiologicos in Mexico City. Patient information and informed consent letters were signed by all participants.Specimen characteristics. Whole blood was collected with a Vacutainer system in 5-ml tubes containing EDTA. The samples were processed within 10 h of collection.Flow cytometric analysis. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed with a FACSCount (Becton, Dickinson) with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the following proteins: immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 as controls, CD3, CD3-CD4, and CD3-CD8. In addition to the monoclonal antibodies, the reagent tubes also contained fluorochrome-labeled reference beads, which act as a fluorescence standard to identify lymphocytes and a quantification standard (CD3 PE-Cy5 and CD4 phycoerythrin [PE], CD3 PE-Cy5 and CD8 PE). To evaluate accuracy and linearity, the instrument was calibrated with control beads at four different concentrations (0, 50, 250, and 1,000 particles/50 l). In brief, 50 l of w...

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“…Flow cytometry is the "gold standard" for the enumeration of lymphocyte subsets, and it is important to establish the local reference ranges for interpretation of laboratory results and clinical decision making (13). Most of the published reference ranges were established by dual-platform flow cytometry (3,5,6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(14)(15)(16)(17).Healthy blood and apheresis donors from the local blood transfusion service were recruited for the establishment of the reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets by the use of single-platform flow cytometry. Single-platform flow cytometry allows simultaneous identification and enumeration of total CD3…”

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confidence: 99%

Reference Ranges for Lymphocyte Subsets among Healthy Hong Kong Chinese Adults by Single-Platform Flow Cytometry

Wong

Siu

et al. 2013

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Lymphocyte subset enumeration is useful in the evaluation of hereditary and acquired immunodeficiency, assessment of immune reconstitution post-allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and also for monitoring CD4 count in HIV and AIDS patients. In particular, the CD4 count serves as a guide for initiation of antiretroviral therapy and prophylactic treatment of opportunistic infections (1-3) because it can provide valuable information for treatment response and disease progression. As a result, immunophenotyping of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry has been an indispensable tool in the management of HIV and AIDS patients. Various studies have shown that the reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets are subject to influences by age, sex, ethnicity, and environment (4-17). Flow cytometry is the "gold standard" for the enumeration of lymphocyte subsets, and it is important to establish the local reference ranges for interpretation of laboratory results and clinical decision making (13). Most of the published reference ranges were established by dual-platform flow cytometry (3,5,6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(14)(15)(16)(17).Healthy blood and apheresis donors from the local blood transfusion service were recruited for the establishment of the reference ranges of lymphocyte subsets by the use of single-platform flow cytometry. Single-platform flow cytometry allows simultaneous identification and enumeration of total CD3ϩ B cells, and CD56 ϩ natural killer cell population percentages and absolute cell counts. Further manipulation of the specimens to obtain absolute white cell count and differential count by a separated automatic hematology cell counter are avoided by the incorporation of a known quantity of microfluorospheres in the flow cytometry step (2). The whole procedure is more robust, convenient, and reproducible than the traditional dual-platform flow cytometry. Gender-and age-related differences in the lymphocyte subsets were evaluated. The results were also compared with those from different ethnic groups. The influence of sex and age on the lymphocyte composition and comparison with data from both Asian and non-Asian populations will be discussed.

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Lymphocyte subsets' reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of 100 healthy adults—A monocentric German study

Cited by 138 publications

References 23 publications

Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ T Cell Reference Values in the Mexico City Population

Reference Ranges for Lymphocyte Subsets among Healthy Hong Kong Chinese Adults by Single-Platform Flow Cytometry

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Lymphocyte subsets' reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of 100 healthy adults—A monocentric German study

Cited by 138 publications

References 23 publications

Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection Is Associated with a Generalized Decrease in Immune Responsiveness in Older Women

CD4 + CD8 + T Cell Reference Values in the Mexico City Population

Reference Ranges for Lymphocyte Subsets among Healthy Hong Kong Chinese Adults by Single-Platform Flow Cytometry

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CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ T Cell Reference Values in the Mexico City Population