Rationale:
Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTbR) regulates immune cell trafficking and communication in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis is still unclear.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of LTbR in atherosclerosis.
Methods and Results:
After 15 weeks of feeding a Western-type diet, mice double-deficient in apolipoprotein E and LTbR (apoE
−/−
/LTbR
−/−
) exhibited lower aortic plaque burden than did apoE
−/−
littermates. Macrophage content at the aortic root and in the aorta was reduced, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In line with a decrease in plaque inflammation, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (
Ccl5
) and other chemokines were transcriptionally downregulated in aortic tissue from apoE
−/−
/LTbR
−/−
mice. Moreover, bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that LTbR deficiency in hematopoietic cells mediated the atheroprotection. Furthermore, during atheroprogression, apoE
−/−
mice exhibited increased concentrations of cytokines, for example, Ccl5, whereas apoE
−/−
/LTbR
−/−
mice did not. Despite this decreased plaque macrophage content, flow cytometric analysis showed that the numbers of circulating lymphocyte antigen 6C (Ly6C)
low
monocytes were markedly elevated in apoE
−/−
/LTbR
−/−
mice. The influx of these cells into atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced, whereas apoptosis and macrophage proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions were unaffected. Gene array analysis pointed to chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 5 as the most regulated pathway in isolated CD115
+
cells in apoE
−/−
/LTbR
−/−
mice. Furthermore, stimulating monocytes from apoE
−/−
mice with agonistic anti-LTbR antibody or the natural ligand lymphotoxin-α1β2, increased
Ccl5
mRNA expression.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that LTbR plays a role in macrophage-driven inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions, probably by augmenting the Ccl5-mediated recruitment of monocytes.