Lysine catabolism, amino acid transport, and systemic acquired resistance

Yang, Huaiyu; Ludewig, Uwe

doi:10.4161/psb.28933

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Several amino acids or amino acid-derived molecules are known to be relevant for plant defense response. The non-proteinogenic β-aminobutyric acid and the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid prime plant defense response ( Návarová et al, 2012 ; Vogel-Adghough et al, 2013 ; Yang and Ludewig, 2014 ; Gao et al, 2015 ; Baccelli and Mauch-Mani, 2016 ; Bernsdorff et al, 2016 ). Pipecolic acid, which is formed after transamination of lysine, cyclization and reduction, is important for establishing systemic acquired resistance ( Bernsdorff et al, 2016 ; Ding et al, 2016 ; Hartmann et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, during the past few years several new compounds have been identified and linked to the regulation of plant defense response. Several of these are amino acid-related molecules like pipecolic acid derived from lysine or ILA, which is thought to be linked to isoleucine metabolism ( Yasuda, 2007 ; von Saint Paul et al, 2011 ; Návarová et al, 2012 ; Vogel-Adghough et al, 2013 ; Zeier, 2013 ; Aranega-Bou et al, 2014 ; Yang and Ludewig, 2014 ; Gao et al, 2015 ; Baccelli and Mauch-Mani, 2016 ; Bernsdorff et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

et al. 2018

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The branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) related 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid isoleucic acid (ILA) enhances salicylic acid-mediated pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. ILA has been identified in A. thaliana as its glucose conjugate correlated with the activity of the small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1, which can glucosylate both salicylic acid and ILA in vitro. However, endogenous levels of the ILA aglycon have not yet been determined in planta. To quantify ILA as well as the related leucic acid (LA) and valic acid (VA) in plant extracts, a sensitive method based on the derivatization of small carboxylic acids by silylation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis was developed. ILA was present in all species tested including several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants as well as broadleaf and coniferous trees, whereas LA and VA were only detectable in a few species. In A. thaliana both ILA and LA were found. However, their levels varied during plant growth and in root vs. leaves. ILA levels were higher in 2-week-old leaves and decreased in older plants, whereas LA exhibited a reverted accumulation pattern. Roots displayed higher ILA and LA levels compared to leaves. ILA was inversely related to UGT76B1 expression level indicating that UGT76B1 glucosylates ILA in planta. In contrast, LA was not affected by the expression of UGT76B1. To address the relation of both 2-hydroxy acids to plant defense, we studied ILA and LA levels upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae. LA abundance remained unaffected, whereas ILA was reduced. This change suggests an ILA-related attenuation of the salicylic acid response. Collectively, the BCAA-related ILA and LA differentially accumulated in Arabidopsis, supporting a specific role and regulation of the defense-modulating small-molecule ILA among these 2-hydroxy acids. The new sensitive method will pave the way to further unravel their role in plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

et al. 2018

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“…Pipecolic acid is important to plant defense including aphid herbivory [ 54 , 106 , 107 ] and is a known signaling compound required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) [ 108 – 110 ]. Likewise chlorogenic acid is associated with plant defense [ 55 ] and can negatively affect insect health [ 111 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAphid infestation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has the potential to reduce yields and biomass quality. Although switchgrass-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum; GB) interactions have been studied at the whole plant level, little information is available on plant defense responses at the molecular level.ResultsThe global transcriptomic response of switchgrass cv Summer to GB was monitored by RNA-Seq in infested and control (uninfested) plants harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation (DAI). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infested plants were analyzed relative to control uninfested plants at each time point. DEGs in GB-infested plants induced by 5-DAI included an upregulation of reactive burst oxidases and several cell wall receptors. Expression changes in genes linked to redox metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone biosynthesis were also observed by 5-DAI. At 10-DAI, network analysis indicated a massive upregulation of defense-associated genes, including NAC, WRKY, and MYB classes of transcription factors and potential ancillary signaling molecules such as leucine aminopeptidases. Molecular evidence for loss of chloroplastic functions was also detected at this time point. Supporting these molecular changes, chlorophyll content was significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated in infested plants 10-DAI. Total peroxidase and laccase activities were elevated in infested plants at 10-DAI relative to control uninfested plants. The net result appeared to be a broad scale defensive response that led to an apparent reduction in C and N assimilation and a potential redirection of nutrients away from GB and towards the production of defensive compounds, such as pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trehalose by 10-DAI. By 15-DAI, evidence of recovery in primary metabolism was noted based on transcript abundances for genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient assimilation.ConclusionsExtensive remodeling of the plant transcriptome and the production of ROS and several defensive metabolites in an upland switchgrass cultivar were observed in response to GB feeding. The early loss and apparent recovery in primary metabolism by 15-DAI would suggest that these transcriptional changes in later stages of GB infestation could underlie the recovery response categorized for this switchgrass cultivar. These results can be exploited to develop switchgrass lines with more durable resistance to GB and potentially other aphids.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-0998-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Studies demonstrated that NO confers SAR through the downstream regulation of ROS-AzA-G3P, which functioned parallel to SA-mediated events [168]. Recent studies have identified pipecolic acid (Pip), a lysine (Lys) catabolite, as an essential regulator of SAR [169]. Pathogen infection triggers the catabolism of Lys as well as the generation of Pip, which could be transported to the distal tissue and cause an amplification of SA dependent or independent SAR [170].…”

Section: N Metabolism and Sarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the Roles of Nitrogen Nutrition in Plant Disease Defences

Sun

Wang

Mur

et al. 2020

IJMS

147

113

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Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements that has a central impact on plant growth and yield. N is also widely involved in plant stress responses, but its roles in host-pathogen interactions are complex as each affects the other. In this review, we summarize the relationship between N nutrition and plant disease and stress its importance for both host and pathogen. From the perspective of the pathogen, we describe how N can affect the pathogen’s infection strategy, whether necrotrophic or biotrophic. N can influence the deployment of virulence factors such as type III secretion systems in bacterial pathogen or contribute nutrients such as gamma-aminobutyric acid to the invader. Considering the host, the association between N nutrition and plant defence is considered in terms of physical, biochemical and genetic mechanisms. Generally, N has negative effects on physical defences and the production of anti-microbial phytoalexins but positive effects on defence-related enzymes and proteins to affect local defence as well as systemic resistance. N nutrition can also influence defence via amino acid metabolism and hormone production to affect downstream defence-related gene expression via transcriptional regulation and nitric oxide (NO) production, which represents a direct link with N. Although the critical role of N nutrition in plant defences is stressed in this review, further work is urgently needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of how opposing virulence and defence mechanisms are influenced by interacting networks.

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Lysine catabolism, amino acid transport, and systemic acquired resistance

Cited by 33 publications

References 26 publications

The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

The Defense-Related Isoleucic Acid Differentially Accumulates in Arabidopsis Among Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related 2-Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids

Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs

Unravelling the Roles of Nitrogen Nutrition in Plant Disease Defences

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