In Alzheimer disease (AD) brain, activities of protein phosphatase (PP)-2A/PP-1 which are known to be associated with microtubules are compromised and are probably a cause of neurofibrillary degeneration through hyperphosphorylation of microtubule proteins. In the present study, an increase of V V11 pmol phosphate/W Wg protein in 100 000U Ug pellet from AD compared with age-matched control brains was found. Tau protein, which is hyperphosphorylated in AD can only account for V V4 pmol phosphate/W Wg protein, suggesting the presence of non-tau hyperphosphorylated proteins in the diseased brain. Western blot analysis with phosphoserine antibodies revealed a V V54 kDa non-tau protein to be significantly hyperphosphorylated in AD compared with age-matched control cases in the particulate fraction. The V V54 kDa protein was purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate^polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified as L L-tubulin by immunolabeling with specific antibodies, mass spectrometry analysis and by Nterminal amino acid sequencing. The purified protein was hyperphosphorylated at serine residues in AD. ß 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.