Lysogenic conversion in staphylococci

Waart, J. de; Grootsen, C.; Zeegers, B. J. H.; Winkler, Kurt

doi:10.1007/bf02046080

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…P4)-2 is a serotype B phage, capable of converting SAK alone from negative to positive without affecting ,/H character, whereas P4-1 is a serotype F phage, capable of converting two characteristics, SAK from negative to positive and 83H from positive to negative. P4)-1 clearly corresponds to the double-converting phage reported by de Waart et al (2), but P4-2 is a type of phage that has never been reported before. (2).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…P4)-1 clearly corresponds to the double-converting phage reported by de Waart et al (2), but P4-2 is a type of phage that has never been reported before. (2). However, they did not refer to its serotype and regarded it as a mutant generating from the parental double-converting phage that became somewhat defective in the 8H-converting genome but remained healthy in the SAKconverting genome.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…It would be difficult to absolutely negate the assumption, however, if the defectiveness in the flH genome can bring about an associated change in the phage serotype from F to B, although such a mutation, which goes as far as to affect the serotype of the mutant, has never been known. It is, thus, extremely regrettable that de Waart et al did not refer to the serotype of their mutant phage (2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has become well known since the reports of Winkler and co-workers (2, 10) that staphylococcal phage belonging to serotype F can convert two biological characteristics of lysogenized cells (2,10). One characteristic is production of beta-hemolysin (,8H) and the other is production of fibrinolysin, or the so-called staphylokinase (SAK).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase

Kondo¹,

Fujise²

1977

Infect Immun

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A new staphylococcal phage, P4-2, which could convert the capability of producing staphylokinase, was isolated. The phage is different from the phage reported by Winkler and co-workers [Nature(London) 195:407-408, 1962; J. Gen. Microbiol. 39:321-333, 1965]. The former is a single-converting phage belonging to serotype B, but the latter is a serotype F phage capable of converting not only staphylokinase but also beta-hemolysin. Staphylokinase, i.e., the fibrinolysin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, therefore, can now be classified into three types. One is controlled by the genes on the bacterial chromosome, and the other two are mediated by lysogenic conversion by prophage PO-2 and the classical phage reported by Winkler and co-workers.It has become well known since the reports of Winkler and co-workers (2, 10) that staphylococcal phage belonging to serotype F can convert two biological characteristics of lysogenized cells (2, 10). One characteristic is production of beta-hemolysin (,8H) and the other is production of fibrinolysin, or the so-called staphylokinase (SAK). The former is converted from positive to negative, whereas the latter is converted from negative to positive.We have recently devised a simple and effective method to remove prophage from lysogenic staphylococci (5, 7). It is comprised of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the strain in question followed by treatment with ethidium bromide or acriflavine.As is widely known, almost all the clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus are lysogenic, a majority of which produce SAK but not ,1H. Since the strain carrying a prophage of the Winkler type should present the same pattern of characteristics as mentioned above, it is also likely that there are many staphylococcal strains lysogenic to a phage of this type in the clinical strains.The new phage in this paper was detected during the course of testing, by means of the delysogenization method, whether our above assumption is correct.The present paper describes details of the process of isolating this phage and the results of characterization of the phage and SAK production under the control of this phage. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. S. aureus 20 and 406 were chiefly used. The former strain was kindly supplied by the

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase

Kondo¹,

Fujise²

1977

Infect Immun

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“…Lysogenic conversion of toxigenic characters was also achieved. de Waart et al (7) described the conversion of beta-hemolysin, Clecner and Sonea (4) described that of gamma-hemolysin, and Dobardzig and Sonea (9) described that of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hemolysins, as well as that of fibrinolysin. Lysogenic conversions of antibiotic resistances were also performed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lysogenic Conversion for Multiple Characters in a Strain of Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 1977

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Lysogenization of nonlysogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus was performed with two different bacteriophages, LS1 and LS2, that were unable to plaque on any of the strains of S. aureus tested. Infection of recipient strains was achieved when protoplasts were inoculated with LS1 or LS2 or when bacterial cultures were simultaneously inoculated with a virulent phage together with LS1 or LS2. Lysogenization was demonstrated by changes in phenotypic characters of the host strain and by liberation of bacteriophages from the modified strains as shown by electron microscopic examination. The lysogenic strains differed from the host strains by the following characters: they were coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, and lipase negative; they were untypable by the basic set of phages; they did not ferment mannitol under anaerobic conditions; and they produced only l -(+)-lactic acid by glucose fermentation. Their cell walls contained less glycine and concomitantly more serine than those of the host strains. Furthermore, they were devoid of protein A. Conversely, some antigenic factors as well as the presence of ribitol in the cell wall teichoic acid, indicated a parental relationship between the host strains and the derived lysogenic ones. Phages LS1 and LS2 could be excluded from the lysogenic strains by invading phages, and the revertant nonlysogenic strains recovered all of the characteristics of the initial host strains. It was thus concluded that the phenomenon described was due to lysogenic conversion. The origin of phages LS1 and LS2 is discussed.

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Genetic transduction in freshwater ecosystems

Ogunseitan

2007

Freshwater Biology

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1. Lateral genetic exchange is a profound consequence of the co-existence of viruses (bacteriophages) and bacteria in freshwater ecosystems. Transduction is distinct from other mechanisms of genetic exchange because it is driven by potentially lethal agents external to the donor and recipient cells. Therefore, transduction is reputed to be a major driving force behind the diversity in natural populations and communities of bacteria. 2. Both generalized transduction (where every segment of the donor's genome has equal chance of being transferred to a recipient cell) and specialized transduction (where certain donor gene sequences are transferred at higher frequencies than others based on their proximity to the integration site of the transducing bacteriophage genome) have been demonstrated for various freshwater bacteria. However, these genetic exchange events occur at frequencies that vary widely, from 10 )2 to 10 )10 transductants per recipient, depending on the influence of various physical, chemical and biotic environmental factors on the outcome of phage-host encounters. Methodological constraints limit the interpretation of results from early studies of transduction in freshwaters because those studies introduced exogenous organisms in microcosms and excluded, to different extents, naturally occurring environmental conditions and their variability. 3. To assist the design and extrapolation of empirical observations, mathematical models including application of Group Theory are useful to estimate boundaries of the impact of transduction in generating and maintaining microbial diversity in freshwater. These theoretical excursions generate hypotheses and questions that can only be answered through refinement of current empirical estimates of transduction frequency, polarity of gene mobilization, bacteriophage host ranges, and the influence of gradients in environmental parameters that characterize freshwater ecosystems.

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Lysogenic conversion in staphylococci

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase

Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase

Lysogenic Conversion for Multiple Characters in a Strain of Staphylococcus aureus

Genetic transduction in freshwater ecosystems

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