Lysosome-targeted ruthenium(II) complexes induce both apoptosis and autophagy in HeLa cells

Uridine-Modified Ruthenium(II) Complex as Lysosomal LIMP-2 Targeting Photodynamic Therapy Photosensitizer for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…The staining patterns of RdU and LysoTracker were closely matched (Figure c). These findings demonstrate that RdU exhibits a perfect subcellular lysosome-specific localization , and inhibits the growth of breast tumor cells under light irradiation.…”

“…After light excitation, Ru­(II) complexes boost the effectiveness of intersystem crossing (ISC), allowing molecules to reach the excited triplet state that favors ROS production through electron or energy transfer using oxygen or water molecules as grist for generating toxins that eventuate in the death of tumor cells under hypoxic conditions. , In 2017, the first Ru-based photosensitizer, TLD1433, entered phase I clinical trials with effective PDT for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer . Additional studies have shown that Ru­(II) polypyridyl complexes are able to function as lysosome-enriched photodynamic photosensitizers that inhibit tumor cell growth. − Peng et al reported the synthesis of a red light-stimulated lysosome-targeted Ru­(II) complex (Ru–I, [Ru­(terpy)­(Cl-7-IVQ)­I] + ), which exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy on breast cancer cells using radiation at 660 nm, both in vitro and in vivo . Chao et al designed and synthesized a Ru­(II) polypyridyl complex within cell targeting lysosomes that demonstrated good water solubility. , This Ru­(II) polypyridyl complex has good photostability and significant two-photon excitation efficiency, with high tumor kill rates.…”

“… 22 Additional studies have shown that Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are able to function as lysosome-enriched photodynamic photosensitizers that inhibit tumor cell growth. 23 − 26 Peng et al reported the synthesis of a red light-stimulated lysosome-targeted Ru(II) complex (Ru–I, [Ru(terpy)(Cl-7-IVQ)I] + ), which exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy on breast cancer cells using radiation at 660 nm, both in vitro and in vivo. 27 Chao et al designed and synthesized a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex within cell targeting lysosomes that demonstrated good water solubility.…”

Dicopper Complexes of p-Cresol-2,6-bis(amide-tether-dpa4-X) (X = MeO and Cl): Selective ROS Generation and Cytotoxicity Enhancement Controlled by Electronic and Hydrophobic Effects of the MeO and Cl Groups

“…The cellular ROS generation by 1b , 2b , and 3 was observed by confocal microscopy using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a fluorescent probe . It is deacetylated by intracellular esterase to nonfluorescent DCFH, which is further oxidized by ROS to give fluorescent DCF that shows a green color.…”

From Intercalation to External Binding: Ru(II) Complexes with a Spiro Ligand for TAR RNA Selective Binding and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition

“…Ru­(II) DNA intercalators, represented by [Ru­(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ ( DZ , bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; dppz = dipyrido­[3,2- a :2′,3′- c ]­phenazine; Figure a) and [Ru­(bpy) 2 (pip)] 2+ (pip = 2-(phenyl)­imidazo­[4,5- f ]­[1,10]­phenanthroline), have long been employed in DNA light switches, nucleic acid-related fluorescence probes, enzyme inhibitors, and antibacterial and antitumor agents. − Their antitumor mechanisms involve traditional chemotherapy and novel therapy including photodynamic, photothermal, chemodynamic, photoactivated chemotherapy, and immunogenic cell death, either alone or in combination. − However, research on Ru­(II)-based antiviral agents is very rare. − …”