Lyssavirus in Japanese Pipistrelle, Taiwan

Hu, Shu-Chia; Hsu, Chao-Lung; Lee, Ming-Shiuh; Tu, Yang-Chang; Chang, Jen-Chieh; Wu, Chieh-Hao; Lee, Shu-Hwae; Ting, Lu‐Jen; Tsai, Kwok-Rong; Cheng, Ming‐Chu; Tu, Wen-Jane; Hsu, Wei-Cheng

doi:10.3201/eid2404.171696

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Clearly, the basic anatomic-pathologic detection of viral inclusions within the CNS and applied utility of the DRIT for routine canine and wildlife rabies surveillance has been demonstrated over the past decade. In addition, extension of test breadth towards additional antigenic and genetic variant detection during enhanced pathogen discovery is anticipated, especially as new lyssavirus species continue to be described [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Progress in the Development and Application of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Rabies Diagnosis

Rupprecht¹,

Xiang

Servat

et al. 2018

Veterinary Sciences

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Laboratory-based surveillance is fundamental to effective rabies prevention and control. The direct fluorescent antibody (AB) test (FAT) is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. Recently, additional tests besides the FAT have been developed, such as the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT). In this study, our objective was to further refine technical aspects of the DRIT using a combination of two monoclonal ABs (MABs), 502 and 802, conduct additional testing among rabies reference laboratories using a diversity of animal species and rabies virus (RV) variants and compare the potential utility of the DRIT for end users via proficiency testing (PT) against the FAT. Considering the ideal molar ratios of biotin to AB in formulation of the DRIT conjugate, 3.9 was found to be superior to 7.4, for detection of RV antigens in the brain of a naturally infected raccoon. Optimization of the DRIT conjugate may also be dependent upon the apparent choice of specific viral antigens for testing, as a gray fox RV variant reacted less strongly than a raccoon RV variant in determining the working dilution of the MAB cocktail. Using the same MABs and protocol, the DRIT was compared to the FAT using more than 800 samples of mammalian brains, representative of more than 25 taxa, including in excess of 250 animal rabies cases from Europe and North America. Sensitivity was determined at 98% (96–100%, 95% CI) and specificity was calculated at 95% (92–96%, 95% CI). In a comparison among end users, PT of laboratory personnel resulted in values of 77–100% sensitivity and 86-100% specificity. Based upon these and previously reported results, the DRIT appears to be a suitable alternative to the FAT for use in lyssavirus diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additional Progress in the Development and Application of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Rabies Diagnosis

Rupprecht¹,

Xiang

Servat

et al. 2018

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected saliva on open wounds or mucosal membranes with a bite from an infected animal as the most common introduction (Banyard & Fooks, ). Currently, the genus consists of 16 officially recognized viral species: the type species Rabies lyssavirus and the rabies‐related lyssaviruses [ Aravan lyssavirus , Australian bat lyssavirus , Bokeloh bat lyssavirus , Duvenhage lyssavirus , European bat 1 lyssavirus , European bat 2 lyssavirus , Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus , Ikoma lyssavirus , Irkut lyssavirus , Khujand lyssavirus , Lagos bat lyssavirus , Lleida bat lyssavirus , Mokola lyssavirus , Shimoni bat lyssavirus and West Caucasian bat lyssavirus with one additional putative virus; Taiwan bat lyssavirus (Hu et al , ; Amarasinghe et al , )]. Rabies virus (RABV) occurs worldwide and has the broadest reported host range of all the lyssaviruses infecting multiple mammalian orders including carnivores and bats.…”

Section: Prominent Virus Families Associated With Bats In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Bat‐borne viruses in Africa: a critical review

et al. 2020

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In Africa, bat-borne zoonoses emerged in the past few decades resulting in large outbreaks or just sporadic spillovers. In addition, hundreds of more viruses are described without any information on zoonotic potential. We discuss important characteristics of bats including bat biology, evolution, distribution and ecology that not only make them unique among most mammals but also contribute to their potential as viral reservoirs. The detection of a virus in bats does not imply that spillover will occur and several biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors play a role in such an event. We summarize and critically analyse the current knowledge on African bats as reservoirs for corona-, filo-, paramyxo-and lyssaviruses. We highlight that important information on epidemiology, bat biology and ecology is often not available to make informed decisions on zoonotic spillover potential. Even if knowledge gaps exist, it is still important to recognize the role of bats in zoonotic disease outbreaks and implement mitigation strategies to prevent exposure to infectious agents including working safely with bats. Equally important is the crucial role of bats in various ecosystem services. This necessitates a multidisciplinary One Health approach to close knowledge gaps and ensure the development of responsible mitigation strategies to not only minimize risk of infection but also ensure conservation of the species.

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“…Bats are important host reservoirs for lyssaviruses and all but two lyssavirus species characterized have been identified directly in bats -Ikoma lyssavirus (IKOV) and Mokola virus (MOKV) -and of these two, IKOV has been speculated to have a bat host reservoir 11 . In addition to the 16 recognized lyssavirus species 12 , there are two lyssaviruses that have been recently described: Taiwan bat lyssavirus (TWBLV) 13 and Kotalahti bat lyssavirus (KBLV)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-lyssavirus Real Time RT-PCR for Rabies Diagnosis

Marston

Jennings

MacLaren

et al. 2019

JoVE

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Molecular assays are rapid, sensitive and specific, and have become central to diagnosing rabies. PCR based assays have been utilized for decades to confirm rabies diagnosis but have only recently been accepted by the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) as a primary method to detect rabies infection. Real-time RT-PCR assays provide real-time data, and are closed-tube systems, minimizing the risk of contamination during setup. DNA intercalating fluorochrome real-time RT-PCR assays do not require expensive probes, minimizing the cost per sample, and when the primers are designed in conserved regions, assays that are specific across virus genera rather than specific to just one virus species are possible. Here we describe a pan-lyssavirus SYBR real-time RT-PCR assay that detects lyssaviruses across the Lyssavirus genus, including the most divergent viruses IKOV, WCBV and LLEBV. In conjunction with dissociation curve analysis, this assay is sensitive and specific, with the advantage of detecting all lyssavirus species. The assay has been adopted in many diagnostic laboratories with quality assured environments, enabling robust, rapid, sensitive diagnosis of animal and human rabies cases.

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Lyssavirus in Japanese Pipistrelle, Taiwan

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Additional Progress in the Development and Application of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Rabies Diagnosis

Additional Progress in the Development and Application of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Rabies Diagnosis

Bat‐borne viruses in Africa: a critical review

Pan-lyssavirus Real Time RT-PCR for Rabies Diagnosis

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