MACBAR of desflurane with two target controlled concentrations of remifentanil

The effect of ketamine on the MACBAR of sevoflurane in dogs

“…A ceiling effect on the reduction of MAC (McEwan et al 1993;Brunner et al 1994;Lang et al 1996) and MAC BAR by opioids (Daniel et al 1998;Dedola et al 2008) has been documented. The maximum mean reduction of 22% in sevoflurane MAC BAR in the present study occurred at 12.5 lg kg )1 minute )1 at a mean plasma concentration of 343 ng mL )1 .…”

Effect of midazolam pretreatment on desflurane MACBAR at an effect-site concentration of remifentanil 1.0 ng/ml

“…However, it has no analgesic properties compared with other drugs such as opioids or clonidine; those are known to attenuate sympathetic activity due to tracheal intubation, surgical incision, or ketamine anesthesia [3][4][5][6]14]. Taittonen Daniel et al [3] reported that fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic response to incision produced by desflurane, and Dedola et al [4] reported that remifentanil decreases the MACBAR of desflurane in the presence and absence of N2O.…”

“…Taittonen Daniel et al [3] reported that fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic response to incision produced by desflurane, and Dedola et al [4] reported that remifentanil decreases the MACBAR of desflurane in the presence and absence of N2O. The analgesic effect of opioids is well known to inhibit the ascending transmission of nociceptive information from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord [13].…”

“…Many studies have been performed using fentanyl, remifentanil, and clonidine to reduce the MACBAR of desflurane [3][4][5][6].…”

Effects of Three Target‐Controlled Concentrations of Sufentanil on MACBAR of Sevoflurane

“…The MAC BAR of sevoflurane was determined by using the up –and down sequential‐allocation technique described in the literature [7]. The concentration of sevoflurane was set at 3% in the first patient and then determined by the response of the previous patient to the stimulation of skin incision.…”