“…Generally, conventional Vivaldi antennas were designed and manufactured based on a printed circuit board (PCB), which has the advantages of high processing precision, good end-fire radiation, and low cost [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Due to the characteristics of high strength, high temperature and power resistance, some designs for metal Vivaldi arrays have been presented in the past decade [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In [ 18 ], Kindt and Pickles presented a design for an all-metal Vivaldi array element with an operational bandwidth of 12:1 for broadside scanning and 8:1 bandwidth at a 45-degree scan in all planes.…”