Maclurin Exhibits Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities, Suppressing Melanogenesis

Abstract

Maclurin is rich in some edible fruits such as Morus alba (white mulberry) and Garcinia mangostana. Although maclurin showed anti-cancer and antioxidant effects, its roles in ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis have not been studied. Here, we investigated the effects of maclurin in melanogenesis using skin cells and a three-dimensional human skin model. When the cytotoxicity of maclurin was examined in B16F10 cells, no cytotoxicity was found up to 20 μM. Maclurin suppressed UVB-mediated tyrosinase activation and melanin accumulation in B16F10 cells without changes in mRNA levels of melanogenesis-related genes including tyrosinase, TRP1, TRP2, CREB, and MITF. Moreover, maclurin reduced melanin contents in melan-a cells, a cell line for normal melanocytes. When applied to a human skin model consisting of the epidermis and melanocytes, maclurin significantly reduced UVB-induced melanin accumulation (~47%) in a concentration-dependent manner based on microscopic observation and Fontana-Masson staining. Protein–ligand docking simulation followed by binding residue analysis showed that maclurin may bind to inactivate tyrosinase by forming multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic and aromatic interactions with the residues of tyrosinase. Together, our study suggests that maclurin may be applied as an anti-melanogenic agent.

In silico analysis of trisindoline 1 as tyrosinase inhibitors

“…The binding affinity value of trisindoline 1 has a value of -9.2, while kojic acid and arbutin have values of -5.7 and -6.4 respectively. In previous studies, molecular docking of tyrosinase with kojic acid and arbutin using the AutoDock 4.2 program showed binding affinity values of -5.2 and -6.2 respectively [27]. Other results also show that kojic acid has a binding affinity value of -5.4 [4] and other research shows that the binding affinity value between tyrosinase and arbutin has a value between -6.3 to -6.8 [28].…”

Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Inflammation Activity of Garcinia livingstonei Aqueous Leaf Extract: A Preliminary Study

“…The appearance of 3 1 –β-Glucosyloxy-4,4 1 -dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxy-benzophenone as a constituent of G. livingstonei leaf extract suggests possible antidiabetic effects through the delay in starch breakdown, which subsequently reduces blood glucose concentration. Most of the benzophenones reported from the genus Garcinia are polyisoprenylated benzophenones, derived from maclurin, a phenolic compound with ROS scavenging capacity [ 39 ]. The literature has also reported the effect of benzophenones in the management of obesity as a preventative measure against the development of DM.…”

Fraxin inhibits melanogenesis by suppressing the ERK/MAPK pathway and antagonizes oxidative stress by activating the NRF2 pathway

“…As mentioned above, ROS overproduction could also been triggered by UV radiation in skin melanocytes, which participate in activating MAPK signaling pathway and MITF-induced melanogenesis [ 22 ]. In addition, some natural substances, such as maclurin, and hesperidin have inhibitory effects on melanogenesis by reducing ROS [ 23 , 24 ]. Antioxidant genes such as forkhead Box O6 can inhibit oxidative stress by upregulating intracellular antioxidant genes (including the catalase gene), thus achieving the effect of melanogenesis inhibition [ 25 ].…”