Macro-Elements and Trace Elements in Cereal Grains Cultivated in Latvia

Abstract

Cereal-based foods have great importance in the compensation of micro- and trace element deficiency, because 50% of the foods produced worldwide are made up of cereal grains. The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of macro-elements and trace elements in different cereals cultivated in Latvia. Various cereals were used in the research: rye (n = 45), barley (n = 54), spring wheat (n = 27), winter wheat (n = 53), triticale (n = 45) and oats (n = 42). Thirteen macro- and trace elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Al, Cu, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca) were determined in cereal grain samples (n = 266). Macro-elements and trace elements varied significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). The highest concentrations of macro- and trace elements were found in oats and the lowest in rye. The obtained data will expand the opportunity for food and nutrition scientists to evaluate content of the examined elements in grain products, and dietary consumption (bioavailability) of the examined macro-elements and trace elements.

Trace elements in Libyan Cereals: Estimation of Daily Intakes of Cobalt, Chromium, Molybdenum and Selenium

“…These data were very similar to our results for Co content in both wheat and barley. Latvia study has reported Cr content in wheat and barley [25], Cr content was ranged in wheat 53-295 µg/kg; however, in barley was 21-921 µg/kg. These data was also similar to that obtained from the present study.…”

“…Therefore, this study tried to fill this gap by determination of trace elements. Some studies from other countries have been reported concentration of trace elements including Co, Cr, Mo and Se elements in cereals and some of them have estimated total daily intake of trace elements for foods including cereal [23][24][25]. Selected cereals including wheat and barley from Ethiopia were investigated [23].…”

Human Health Risk Assessment and Potentially Harmful Element Contents in the Cereals Cultivated on Agricultural Soils

“…However, for other PHEs, significant differences were reported among cereal cultivars affected by various agricultural practices, soil types, types of fertilizers, and plant protection products [75]. Large differences in PHE contents in various cereal species were also reported between European and Asian countries, while PHE levels were rather similar among European countries [3].…”

“…Cereals and breads are the main source of energy in all age groups, and they contribute 31% of digestible energy to adults [2]. Each cereal plays an important role in various food industry areas: barley is used in beer production, wheat and rye are used in bakery products, oats are used in oatmeal and muesli, and triticale, besides being the main ingredient of animal feed, is also used on a smaller scale in bread, cookies, or cakes [3]. In the nutritional pyramid, the healthy diet comprises from four to six servings of grains daily [4].…”

Effect of Dried Pig Manure Fertilization on Barley Macronutrients and Sodium in a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone

“…The content of macro-and micronutrients in barley has been reported to be influenced by the type of fertilization treatment (Agegnehu et al 2016;Jākobsone et al 2015;Maleki-Farahani et al 2011;Shepherd et al 2017;Wilczewski 2014), genetics (Dang et al 2016;Dick et al 1985), environmental conditions (Cossani et al 2011;Maleki-Farahani et al 2011), biomass growth (Greenwood et al 2008), and the type and characteristics of the soil (Agegnehu et al 2016;Dang et al 2016;Jākobsone et al 2015;Rutkowska 2013). Nonetheless, studies on the variation of the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na during plant growth for barley are scarce, being only relatively well-documented for grain composition.…”