Macroalgal biochar synthesis and its implication on membrane fouling mitigation in fluidized bed membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment

Efficient adsorption‐photocatalysis activity of ternary ZnO‐Sm2O3‐MgO co‐modified biochar for dye removal

“…Under solar‐light irradiation, e − was excited from valance band (VB) to conduce band (CB), forming the e − /h + pairs. e − reacted with dissolved oxygen to form superoxide (•O 2 − ) radicals, which were protonated to produce hydrogen peroxide radical (HOO•) 20,29,47,52 . HOO• species reacted with water molecules to generate hydroxyl radical (•OH), which was the strong oxidant for the photodegradation of RhB dyes 56,57 .…”

“…e À reacted with dissolved oxygen to form superoxide (•O 2 À ) radicals, which were protonated to produce hydrogen peroxide radical (HOO•). 20,29,47,52 HOO• species reacted with water molecules to generate hydroxyl radical (•OH), which was the strong oxidant for the photodegradation of RhB dyes. 56,57 The photogenerated valence band h + (i.e., h VB + ) reacted with water molecules to form •OH radicals, which could directly oxidize dye molecules to lower molecules.…”

“…Considering the difference in raw stuff and synthesis approaches, biochar exhibits variably physicochemical natures and adsorption activity 16–18 . Hence, heteroatoms doping, metal oxides and sulfides coupling, and functional metal elements introducing are intensively applied to mediate the surface charge and enlarge the vacant sites amount of biochar materials 19,20 . For instance, biochar combined with TiO 2 , 21 ZnO, 22 and MoS 2 23 have the better adsorption activity and durability than pristine biochar.…”

“…[16][17][18] Hence, heteroatoms doping, metal oxides and sulfides coupling, and functional metal elements introducing are intensively applied to mediate the surface charge and enlarge the vacant sites amount of biochar materials. 19,20 For instance, biochar combined with TiO 2 , 21 ZnO, 22 and MoS 2 23 have the better adsorption activity and durability than pristine biochar. Notably, the maximum adsorption capacity of MgO/N-doped carbon is 384.61 mg g À1 for methyl orange removal, 24 and that of S-doped biochar comodified by MgO and B 2 O 3 (Mg-B/S-BC) is 1195.25 mg g À1 for RhB removal.…”

Macroalgae-based biochar: preparation and characterization of physicochemical properties for potential applications

“…Several sharp peaks appeared in the region at 2q = 20-30°in different biochar samples, ascribed to various inorganic components (CaO, SiO 2 and MgO) and stacked graphitic layer. 54 The diffraction peaks observed at 2q between 30°and 70°indicate the presence of minerals in CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , NaCl, KCl, Fe 3 O 4 and FeS. [55][56][57] The peaks located at 26-28°and around 43°in all biochar samples correspond to the (002) crystal plane of crystalline carbon, indicating the existence of graphitic structures.…”