Macroanatomic structure and morphometric analysis of middle ear in ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Abstract

Ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a species belonging to the Struthionidae family of Struthioniformes order that does not have the flying ability among birds. The aim of this study was to make a subgross investigation on anatomical structures of middle ear in ostrich and to determine the morphometry of the columella.In the present study, 4 adult ostrich heads were used in the study. Tympanic cavity and the formations inside are removed from the skull by protecting the cranial roof. Subgross examinations of tympanic cavity, columella and other anatomic structures were then performed, and morphometric measurements of columella and some anatomical structures were performed using a digital calliper.It was determined that tympanic cavity, surrounded by ear capsule (os oticum), had a conical shape and was covered with mucosa that was tightly adjacent to the periosteum. Tympanic membrane, columella and osteochondral structures, ligaments, a branch of external ophthalmic artery and the presence of chorda tympani were detected in tympanic cavity. It was observed that columella was placed diagonally in tympanic cavity. The vestibular (proximal) end having a circular shape was found to have a large basis and annular ligament which ended up with thickened, small columns.Finally we demonstrated anatomy and morphometric values of middle ear in ostrich. The anatomy and formations of the middle ear are clearly shown. It can be asserted that anatomical formations in the middle ear of an ostrich are similar to other birds.

Morphological and morphometrical aspects of the auditory ossicles in goat (Capra hircus)

“…As mentioned earlier, the presence of the three‐ossicle assembly is described in mammals (Amin & Tucker, 2006; Takechi & Kuratani, 2010) while a special situation is reported for birds, where a single ossicle is described—the Columella auris (Anthwal, Joshi, & Tucker, 2013; Beșoluk, Orhun Dayan, Eken, Turgut, & Aydogdu, 2019; Claes et al., 2017; Mills, 1994; Takechi & Kuratani, 2010). In reptiles, the same bony piece is reported as the stapes (Anthwal et al., 2013).…”

“…Thanks to its important integrative function, present‐day research for middle ear structure was reported for several species such as the chinese bamboo rat (Pleštilová, Hrouzková, Burda, & Šumbera, 2016), toad (Womack, Stynoski, Voyles, Coloma, & Hoke, 2018), rabbit (Guan et al., 2019), pig (Pracy, White, Mustafa, Smith, & Perry, 1998), miniature pigs (HaiJin et al., 2013), humans, (Arechvo et al., 2013; Isaacson, 2014; Luers & Hüttenbrink, 2016; Sawada, Nara, Fukui, Dodo, & Hirata, 2014; Stieger, Djeric, Kompis, Remonda, & Häusler, 2006; Whyte et al., 2001) other primates, moles (Mason, 2006), dog (Berghes, Parvu, Cucoanes, & Cuca, 2010; Ortug & Türkmenoğlu, 2005), Indian mangoose (Kamali, Gholami, Ahrari‐Khafi, Rasouli, & Shayegh, 2015), horse, cat, cow, rat, mouse (Amin & Tucker, 2006; Blanke, Aupperle, Seeger, Kubick, & Schusser, 2015; Botti, Secci, Ragionieri, Dessole, & Acone, 2006; Mohammadpour, 2010) or other extinct rodents (Lange, Stalleicken, & Burda, 2004), hamster, gerbil, New Zeeland rabbit (Kurtul, Cevik, Bozkurt, & Dursun, 2003), ostrich (Beșoluk et al., 2019; Keenan, Mears, & Skedros, 2017), degu (Argyle & Mason, 2008), weasel or chinchilla (Bergin, Vlajkovic, Bird, & Thorne, 2013; Carrasco, Maass, Dentone, Miranda, & Kukuljan, 2008; Charuta et al., 2011; Hoffstetter et al., 2011; Maier, Tröscher, & Ruf, 2018; Maravilla et al., 2011; Martonos et al., 2019; Rodrigues, Shinohara, Andreo, Buchaim, & Ahmed, 2012; Wang & Gan, 2016).…”

Geometric and Morphometric Analysis of the Auditory Ossicles in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)

“…The study revealed values for several parameters of the auditory ossicles, as well as weight parameters and area measurements for the tympanic membrane, and the oval and round window. Similar morphological studies on the middle ear structures were performed on carnivores, such as wolves [ 10 ], dogs [ 16 , 17 ], badgers [ 18 ], red foxes, dogs and cats [ 4 ], on domestic and wild carnivores [ 19 ], on some herbivores, such as goats [ 20 ], sheep [ 21 ], horses [ 22 ], donkeys [ 23 , 24 ], on ruminants [ 25 ], on rodents, such as mice [ 26 ], hamsters [ 27 ], rabbits [ 9 , 28 ], chinchillas [ 29 , 30 ], and on some birds, such as ostriches [ 31 ] and chickens [ 32 ]. Geometric morphometry provides more precise information about small anatomical structures and focuses on data analysis from the position of homologous landmarks [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Anatomical, Histological, and Morphometrical Investigations of the Auditory Ossicles in Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus from Saint Kitts Island

“…The malleo-incal complex is also implicated in specific cases of humans and mice as a probable explanation for deafness [ 53 ]. The total absence of the incus has also been cited in birds [ 33 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ] and some reptiles [ 33 , 57 , 62 ].…”