Macromolecular carbonyls in human stratum corneum: a biomarker for environmental oxidant exposure?

Thiele, Jens J.; Traber, Maret G.; Re, Roberta; Espuno, Nathalie; Lv, Yan; Cross, Carroll E.; Packer, Lester

doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00049-0

Cited by 43 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Therefore, it is difficult to estimate its effect on the skin in vivo. Thiele et al [10,24] have shown that sodium hypochlorite can introduce protein carbonyls into the SC in vitro. Thus, we used sodium hy- Acrolein treatment decreases bound water content in the SC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

Iwai

Hirao²

2008

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Acrolein is a degradation product of lipid peroxide as well as a well-known environmental pollutant. As a hallmark of oxidatively damaged protein, protein carbonyl, including acrolein-protein adduct, has been observed in the skin. However, the influence of protein carbonylation on the stratum corneum (SC) has not yet been clarified. Objectives: We explored the influence of oxidative protein modification, focusing on the major function of the SC, the water-holding capacity, by introducing experimental protein carbonylation. Methods: The level of carbonyls in the SC was evaluated by reaction with a labeled hydrazide. The water-holding capacities of the SC or keratin gels were evaluated by measurement of the surface conductance. The bound water (nonfreezing water) content in the SC was measured by the heat of fusion of frozen SC. Results: Acrolein caused protein carbonylation, decreased the water-holding capacity and the bound water of the porcine SC in vitro. The water-holding capacity of the keratin gels prepared from human SC was also decreased by acrolein in vitro. Water content in the human SC in vivo was decreased by sodium hypochlorite and accompanied by the increase in carbonyls. Conclusion: Exposure of SC to the oxidative environment damages the water-holding capacity of the SC through the modification of protein-water interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

Iwai

Hirao²

2008

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…Catalase is one of the foremost antioxidant defense enzymes in the stratum corneum, and it is closely related to skin conditions [11][12][13] . Proteins in the stratum corneum, such as keratins, are modified by oxidation or glycation reactions to produce carbonylation proteins [14][15][16] . Therefore, SCCP is an excellent marker to show the degree of skin damage due to oxidative stress, and it has been reported that SCCP levels increase at sun-exposed body sites [17] .…”

Section: Differences In Susceptibility Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the Skin of Japanese and French Subjects and Physiological Characteristics of Their Skin

Yamashita

Okano²,

Ngo³

et al. 2012

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Many researchers have studied differences in conditions of ethnic skin using biophysical measurements. However, few studies to date have focused on the antioxidative capacity of the skin. Methods: We measured two parameters of oxidative stress in the stratum corneum, catalase activity and protein carbonylation of the stratum corneum (SCCP), in two ethnic groups, Japanese and French subjects, to characterize the susceptibility to oxidative stress. We also measured several physiological parameters at three different skin sites, two sun-exposed sites (cheek and dorsal aspect of the hand) and a sun-protected site (inner upper arm), in both ethnic groups. Results: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the size of corneocytes and skin color showed differences between sun-exposed and sun-protected sites regardless of ethnicity. Regarding ethnic differences, catalase activities and parameters of skin hydration and barrier function of Japanese subjects were higher than those of French subjects. However, SCCP values showed a trend contrary to catalase activity. The difference in the b* value indicated that the melanin content of Japanese skin was higher than that of French skin. Pearson’s correlation analyses showed that catalase activity and SCCP values had weak relationships with water content, TEWL and skin color in both ethnic groups. Conclusion: Differences in susceptibility to oxidative stress, namely melanin content and catalase activity in the skin, induce the better skin condition of Japanese compared with French subjects.

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Section: Structural Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The skin and the respiratory tract are the animal organs most direcdy exposed to oxidant air pollutants. Although numerous studies have documented the effects of oxidants on lungs, and have to some extent directed attention to the importance of the respiratory tract lining fluids (RTLFs) (18)(19)(20)(21)(22), only a few studies have described possible oxidative pollutant effects on cutaneous tissues (23)(24)(25)(26).RTLFs vary in different levels of the respiratory tract. The thickness of these layers has only been estimated, not rigorously Environmental Health Perspectives * Vol 106, Supplement 5 * October 1998 1241 whereas in the distal bronchoalveolar regions, RTLF depth is only 0.2 to 0.5 pm (18,(27)(28)(29) (69,70).…”

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Oxidative stress and antioxidants at biosurfaces: plants, skin, and respiratory tract surfaces.

Cross

Vliet

Louie

et al. 1998

Environ Health Perspect

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Atmospheric pollutants represent an important source of oxidative and nitrosative stress to both terrestrial plants and to animals. The exposed biosurfaces of plants and animals are directly exposed to these pollutant stresses. Not surprisingly, living organisms have developed complex integrated extracellular and intracellular defense systems against stresses related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS), including 03 and NO2. Plant and animal epithelial surfaces and respiratory tract surfaces contain antioxidants that would be expected to provide defense against environmental stress caused by ambient ROS and RNS, thus ameliorating their injurious effects on more delicate underlying cellular constituents. Parallelisms among these surfaces with regard to their antioxidant constituents and environmental oxidants are presented. The reactive substances at these biosurfaces not only represent an important protective system against oxidizing environments, but products of their reactions with ROS/RNS may also serve as biomarkers of environmental oxidative stress. Moreover, the reaction products may also induce injury to underlying cells or cause cell activation, resulting in production of proinflammatory substances including cytokines. In this review we discuss antioxidant defense systems against environmental toxins in plant cell wall/apoplastic fluids, dead keratinized cells/interstitial fluids of stratum corneum (the outermost skin layer), and mucus/respiratory tract lining fluids.-Environ Health Perspect 1 06(Suppl 5): 1241-1251 (1998 The aim of this review is to highlight certain parallels between the antioxidant mechanisms responsible for protecting diverse environmentally exposed biosurfaces. Although there are numerous other environmental oxidants that contribute to surface oxidative stress (e.g., oxides of nitrogen, cigarette smoke, radiation), our focus will be on 03 as a representative environmental oxidant and on the antioxidants with which it can be expected to react at plant, skin, and respiratory tract surfaces. Although in most circumstances the oxidant can be expected to be neutralized, products of reactions with constituents of the extracellular fluids, e.g., cytotoxic aldehydes produced by reactions of 03 with extracellular lipids (12-14), may be largely responsible for cell or tissue injury by environmental toxins. Structural ConsiderationsThe similarities of the interfaces between the environment and plant and animal tissues are simplistically depicted in Figure 1. In plants, uptake of environmental toxins can be expected to occur mainly at the cell wall surface and, via the stomata, within the extracellular apoplastic fluids (15-17). The skin and the respiratory tract are the animal organs most direcdy exposed to oxidant air pollutants. Although numerous studies have documented the effects of oxidants on lungs, and have to some extent directed attention to the importance of the respiratory tract lining fluids (RTLFs) (18)(19)(20)(21)(22), only a few studies have described possible oxi...

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Macromolecular carbonyls in human stratum corneum: a biomarker for environmental oxidant exposure?

Cited by 43 publications

References 22 publications

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

Protein Carbonyls Damage the Water-Holding Capacity of the Stratum Corneum

Differences in Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in the Skin of Japanese and French Subjects and Physiological Characteristics of Their Skin

Oxidative stress and antioxidants at biosurfaces: plants, skin, and respiratory tract surfaces.

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