Macromolecule Analysis Based on Electrophoretic Mobility in Air:  Globular Proteins

Kaufman, Stanley L.; Skogen, Jeffrey W.; Dorman, Frank D.; Zarrin, Fahimeh; Lewis, Kenneth C.

doi:10.1021/ac951128f

Cited by 207 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The details of the GEMMA instrumentation and method for measuring protein size have been described elsewhere [8,10,11]. The GEMMA instrument (TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN) consists of an ESI unit with a neutralizing chamber, a nano differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and a condensation particle counter (CPC).…”

Section: Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the resolving power of GEMMA is relatively low. In previously published reports, the resolution of GEMMA measurements has been compared with that of size exclusion chromatography° [10]°with°the°highest°observed°resolving°power°of 7°[3,°8 -10,°29].°Based°on°the°FWHM°of°the°protein standards utilized in these experiments, resolving power of the GEMMA is at best 18. However, improved resolution may be attained through the use of other DMA models with potential resolving power greater than°100° [9].…”

Section: General Correlation Between Emd and Molecular Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both methods allow the relative molecular mass to be derived, GEMMA does so through its measurement of EMD [8,10]. ESI-GEMMA studies of primarily globular proteins have shown a correlation between electrophoretic diameter and relative molecular mass for proteins and protein complexes ranging from 3 kDa to 2 MDa and measuring 2.6 to 21.7 nm in EMD [8].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sizing large proteins and protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility

Kaddis

Lomeli

Yin

et al. 2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

147

149

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Mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility with electrospray ionization (ESI) have the capability to measure and detect large noncovalent protein-ligand and protein-protein complexes. Using an ion mobility method of gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), protein particles representing a range of sizes can be separated by their electrophoretic mobility in air. Highly charged particles produced from a protein complex solution using electrospray can be manipulated to produce singly charged ions, which can be separated and quantified by their electrophoretic mobility. Results from ESI-GEMMA analysis from our laboratory and others were compared with other experimental and theoretically determined parameters, such as molecular mass and cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystal structure dimensions. There is a strong correlation between the electrophoretic mobility diameter determined from GEMMA analysis and the molecular mass for protein complexes up to 12 MDa, including the 93 kDa enolase dimer, the 480 kDa ferritin 24-mer complex, the 4.6 MDa cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and the 9 MDa MVP-vault assembly. ESI-GEMMA is used to differentiate a number of similarly sized vault complexes that are composed of different N-terminal protein tags on the MVP subunit. The average effective density of the proteins and protein complexes studied was 0.6 g/cm 3 . Moreover, there is evidence that proteins and protein complexes collapse or become more compact in the gas phase in the absence of water. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2007, 18, 1206 -1216

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Section: Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Correlation Between Emd and Molecular Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sizing large proteins and protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility

Kaddis

Lomeli

Yin

et al. 2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

147

149

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“…Recently, the differential mobility analyzes with an ultrafine particle c o n d e n~a t i o~ nucleus counter has been to an electrospray ion source to classify of a variety of proteins with mobility equivalent sizes in the 3-to 10-nmdiameter range (Kaufman et al, 1996). The mobility analyzer used in this study was a version of the TSI classifier in which the analyzer column length had been reduced to 2.78 cm.…”

Section: Extension To the Molecular Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

History of Electrical Aerosol Measurements

Flagan

1998

Aerosol Science and Technology

218

117

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ABSTRACT. Early studies of atmospheric electricity suggested that the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere should be sufficient to dissipate the charge on the surface of the earth in a matter of minutes. Efforts to understand how substantial electric fields could be maintained globally in spite of the high dissipation rates were propelled into the forefront of physics research at the turn of the century when it was observed that the newly discovered X-rays produced ions that behaved much like those in the atmosphere. Many of the approaches that are now employed in electrical measurements of aerosols were first conceived during the first three decades of this century. Initially the focus was on gas ions, but they were found to consist of charged clusters of water molecules that exhibited a number of distinct mobilities that were substantially lower than those that resulted after long efforts to dry the gas. The coaxial condenser mobility analyzer, introduced by McClelland in 1898 and enhanced by Zeleny in 1900, was used to measure atmospheric ions as early as 1901 by Ebert. Based upon atmospheric measurements with this device in 1905, Langevin reported on the existence of ions with mobilities 3000 times lower than those observed in the laboratory studies. These so-called large ions correspond to particles in what we now know as the accumulation mode of the atmospheric aerosol. The aspiration condenser dominated measurements of atmospheric ions for six decades even though Erikson developed a differential mobility analyzer by 1921, and Rohmann produced a differential mobility sampler in 1923. Only after electronics was improved in the 1950s and 1960s were these instruments reintroduced. It was based upon condenser measurements of atmospheric "ions" that Junge first described the structure of the ultrafine particle size distribution in 1955.The development of the Whitby Aerosol Analyzer in 1966 built upon earlier developments, including the Faraday cup electrometer that was used by both Zeleny and McClelland at the turn of the century, and a long history of mobility analyzers. This instrument represented a breakthrough nonetheless since it was the first mobility aerosol analyzer that was sufficiently refined and robust to be commercially produced. That instrument was refined into the electrical aerosol analyzer ( E M ) that became the primary tool for characterizing ultrafine aerosol particles in the atmosphere for a number of years. At the same time that the E M was developed, the differential mobility analyzer was reintroduced in a form that quickly became the standard for production of submicron calibration aerosols. Early efforts to transform that instrument from a calibration tool to a measurement device met with limited success due to the lack of a suitable detector. The introduction of a continuous flow condensation nucleus counter was followed quickly by the development of computerized differential mobility analysis of particle-size distributions and later accelerated through the introduction of scannin...

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“…DMAs are commonly used for separation/detection of aerosol particles. In 1996, a successful application of DMA for analysis of electrospray-generated biomolecules was reported [26]. DMA is a filter-like device that is designed to transmit ions only in a narrow mobility window.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthogonal extraction ion mobility spectrometry

Laiko

2006

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Ion Mobility Spectrometry is a powerful tool for the study of molecular conformations, separation of mass isomers, and analysis of complex mixtures and suppression of chemical background. The factors that limit the capabilities of the technique include its relatively low resolving power and duty cycle. New principle of gas-phase ion separation, based on ion focusing under the influence of electrostatic field and stationary in time gas flow, is proposed. Both analytical calculations and a numerical simulation show that a diffusion-limited resolution of several hundred can be achieved. The new type of ion mobility analyzer is called orthogonal extraction IMS. The proposed ortho-IMS can be interfaced with commercial mass spectrometers and offers the theoretical resolution of several hundred and ion transmission close to 100%. (J

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Macromolecule Analysis Based on Electrophoretic Mobility in Air: Globular Proteins

Cited by 207 publications

References 34 publications

Sizing large proteins and protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility

Sizing large proteins and protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ion mobility

History of Electrical Aerosol Measurements

Orthogonal extraction ion mobility spectrometry

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