Macronutrient content and fatty acid composition and their positional distribution in human breast milk from Zhejiang Province, China in different lactation periods

He, Guanghua; Li, Guipu; Jiang, Yanxi; Ji, Hua; Chu, Xiaojun; Xiong, Lina; Gong, Jinyan; Xiao, Gongnian; Ye, Xingqian

doi:10.1002/fsn3.2626

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…Among the long-chain saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid was The results indicated that ASL-L could incorporate the major UFAs in M-STEO. The major positional distributions of DHA, EPA, and saturated fatty acids were observed at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, which was in line with the observation by Siddiqui et al [45]. The modified STEO (M-STEO) was highly enriched with short-and medium-chain SFAs including 3.56% butyric acid (C4:0), 3.8% caproic acid (C6:0), 1.1% caprylic acid (C8:0), 1.4% capric acid (C10:0), and 3.9% lauric acid (C12:0) (Table 3).…”

Section: Positional Distribution Of Major Fatty Acidsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The positional distribution of certain fatty acids on the glycerol backbone is very important for the nutritional capacities of the target fatty acids [29]. Human milk contains 25-30% palmitic acid and 50-70% of which is distributed at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone [9,45]. Vinylic and allylic carbon resonances are the differentiating characteristic of UFAs and SFAs in 13 C NMR and they can further help in the characterization and classification of the UFAs and SFAs [46].…”

Section: Positional Distribution Of Major Fatty Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Structured Fatty Acids Enriched with Medium and Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids via Solvent-Free Transesterification of Skipjack Tuna Eyeball Oil and Commercial Butterfat

Baloch,

Patil,

Pudtikajorn

et al. 2024

Foods

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Human milk lipids generally have the maximum long-chain fatty acids at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. This positioning makes them more digestible than long-chain fatty acids located at the sn-1, 3 positions. These unique fatty acid distributions are not found elsewhere in nature. When lactation is insufficient, infant formula milk has been used as a substitute. However, the distribution of most fatty acids ininfant formula milk is still different from human milk. Therefore, structured lipids were produced by the redistribution of medium-chain fatty acids from commercial butterfat (CBF) and n-3 and n-6 long-chain fatty acids from skipjack tuna eyeball oil (STEO). Redistribution was carried out via transesterification facilitated by Asian seabass liver lipase (ASL-L). Under the optimum conditions including a CBF/STEO ratio (3:1), transesterification time (60 h), and ASL-L unit (250 U), the newly formed modified-STEO (M-STEO) contained 93.56% triacylglycerol (TAG), 0.31% diacylglycerol (DAG), and 0.02% monoacylglycerol (MAG). The incorporated medium-chain fatty acids accounted for 18.2% of M-STEO, whereas ASL-L could incorporate 40% of n-3 fatty acids and 25–30% palmitic acid in M-STEO. The 1H NMRA and 13CNMR results revealed that the major saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (DHA and EPA) were distributed at the sn-2 position of the TAGs in M-STEO. Thus, M-STEO enriched with medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids positioned at the sn-2 position of TAGs can be a potential substitute for human milk fatty acids in infant formula milk (IFM).

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Section: Positional Distribution Of Major Fatty Acidsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Positional Distribution Of Major Fatty Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Structured Fatty Acids Enriched with Medium and Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids via Solvent-Free Transesterification of Skipjack Tuna Eyeball Oil and Commercial Butterfat

Baloch,

Patil,

Pudtikajorn

et al. 2024

Foods

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“…It has been reported that HM composition is affected by lactation periods, maternal body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, environment, lifestyle, etc. For example, He et al reported that as lactation progressed from 0–5 to 15–30 days, the lipid content increased significantly, whereas the protein concentration and the proportions of phospholipids and cholesterols decreased notably [ 3 ]. Another study showed that maternal BMI and age affected fatty-acid levels in HM [ 4 , 5 ], and maternal obesity was associated with changes in the HM metabolome [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Factors Affecting the Macronutrient Composition of Transitional Human Milk

Ryoo

Kang

2022

IJERPH

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This study investigated the influence of selected maternal factors on the macronutrient composition and energy of human milk (HM). The study enrolled 159 breastfeeding mothers from five postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Their gestational weeks were 37–42 weeks, they had no complications before and after childbirth, and were at 7–14 days postpartum. They provided data using structured questionnaires on general characteristics, stress, sleep quality, spousal support, and dietary intake. Breastfeeding assessment (LATCH) was investigated by qualified nurses, and each mother provided one sample of HM. The HM composition was analyzed using the Miris® HM analyzer. The relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis, and a linear regression analysis was performed to verify the main variables. It was found that maternal dietary intake was related to HM composition as the %energy from carbohydrates (β = 0.86, p < 0.01) and %energy from fat (β = 0.77, p < 0.05) showed positive relationships with HM energy. The LATCH score was positively related to HM energy (β = 0.17, p < 0.05). In contrast, postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support were not associated with HM macronutrient composition. In conclusion, HM macronutrients and energy content were associated with maternal dietary intake and LATCH scores, but not with postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support.

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“…[7][8][9] Therefore, some studies declared that it was more suitable for Chinese infants to supplement the formulas with not only OPO, but also OPL. [10][11][12] Nevertheless, we know nothing about the nutritional outcomes of OPL. Hence, it is worth investigating the nutritional outcomes of OPL to guide the development of IF suitable for Chinese infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1-Oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate glycerol improves lipid metabolism and gut microbiota and decreases the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Wei¹,

D²,

Zhong³

et al. 2023

Food Funct.

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Macronutrient content and fatty acid composition and their positional distribution in human breast milk from Zhejiang Province, China in different lactation periods

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 8 publications

References 58 publications

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Structured Fatty Acids Enriched with Medium and Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids via Solvent-Free Transesterification of Skipjack Tuna Eyeball Oil and Commercial Butterfat

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Structured Fatty Acids Enriched with Medium and Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids via Solvent-Free Transesterification of Skipjack Tuna Eyeball Oil and Commercial Butterfat

Maternal Factors Affecting the Macronutrient Composition of Transitional Human Milk

1-Oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate glycerol improves lipid metabolism and gut microbiota and decreases the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines

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