Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: Using the Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort

Abstract

Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intake of participants diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the health examinees (HEXA) cohort, considering the plant and animal sources of each macronutrient. We included 130,423 participants aged 40–69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrients stratified by gender. Energy and macronutrient intake were estimated by linking food frequency questionnaire data to the Korean food composition database, and were calculated separately for plant and animal foods. Low energy (men: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98; women: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), and fat intake (men: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96; women: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83) were observed. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97), whereas low fat intake was observed in all women (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08–1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08–1.27) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. Protein intake was low (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95; and OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.94) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12–1.20), and plant protein in both genders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat, and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders was also observed. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source macronutrients, and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adults diagnosed with MetS. Attention should be directed to plant sources of carbohydrates and proteins when designing population interventions for metabolic syndrome reduction in Korea.

Identification of nutrition factors in the metabolic syndrome and its progression over time in older adults: analysis of the TUDA cohort

“…Furthermore, participants with MetS were found to have higher carbohydrate and free sugar intakes consistent with consuming more carbohydrate-rich, low-fiber foods and lower amounts of protein-rich foods. Previous studies of Korean and Iranian adults [aged 20-69 years] reported higher carbohydrate and lower protein intakes in individuals with MetS [63], and that higher carbohydrate intakes increased MetS risk [64]. In contrast, a lower carbohydrate intake in individuals with MetS was reported in older adults from the Balearic Islands [65].…”

Personalized Metabolic Avatar: A Data Driven Model of Metabolism for Weight Variation Forecasting and Diet Plan Evaluation

“…In detail, a basic simulation was carried out varying EB in the following range: −1000, −500, 0, 500, 1000 kcal (Figure 5A), with standard percentage contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid intake (50/20/30%), respectively, included in acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) [31]. The values of macronutrient intakes were calculated by converting their percentages into grams [32]; then, the total caloric intake was evaluated by inverting Equation (1). From the simulations, we can observe that an energy deficit of 500 kcal per day yielded an average weight loss of −0.4 ± 0.2 kg in a week, while an energy surplus of 500 kcal yielded an average weight gain of 0.77 ± 0.63 kg in a week, and that differences existed among users.…”

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…MetS can be affected by age, sex, metabolism, genetics, and environmental factors, such as drinking, smoking, diet, and physical inactivity [ 17 , 18 ]. Diet and dietary patterns are important with respect to the development and management of MetS and its risk factors [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Dietary quality and patterns have been associated with MetS [ 24 ].…”