Macronutrients Association with Change in Waist and Hip Circumference Over 9 Years

Abstract

Macronutrient source and quantity play a significant role in individuals' adiposity and effects on WC and HC. Overall, an increase in WC and HC was seen over the 11 years. The source and quantity of the macronutrients play a significant role in WC and HC. Further research needs to be conducted to see the exact effect that macronutrients play on WC and HC.

How alcohol consumption influences obesity in middle-aged men: A systematic review

“…Overall, the quality of evidence varied. Few papers reported alcohol as a percentage of daily energy intake, 24,30,34,36,37 and many did not adjust for non-alcoholic calories. 42,[44][45][46] Where appropriate adjustments for confounders were made, either no or modest associations were observed.…”

“…Such research may provide better quality and more definitive evidence to shape future public health policy and primary care interventions on obesity through alcohol reduction. Linear trends between levels of alcohol intake and BMI, WC, or WHR 25,29,31,33,36,37 7 Odds ratios for BMI, WC, or WHR in relation to drinking categories 26,27,30,35,39,44,45 4 Multivariate regression analysis for baseline and/or follow-up adiposity outcomes 24,28,32,34…”

“…If total energy intake or expenditure varied significantly between two individuals consuming dissimilar amounts of alcohol, differences in adiposity could be attributable to alcohol and/or non-alcoholic calories and/or physical activity. Given that alcohol represented a low proportion of total energy intake-ranging from 2.6-9.45 per cent where reported 24,30,34,36,37 -conclusions made about the effects of alcohol on weight were further weakened in models that did not adjust for these confounders.…”

“…Fourteen studies adjusted for energy intake and expenditure. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]38 Ten of these studies represented higher quality evidence, given their robust adjustments for dietary intake, physical activity, and smoking, their large samples and objective assessment of alcohol and adiposity variables. 24,25,[27][28][29][30][31][33][34][35] JHD 2021:6(1):360-379…”

“…25,28,42,44 Where studies adjusted for confounders (ie, age, energy intake, expenditure, and smoking), this association held for WC. 25,26,28,34 A minority of studies finding no correlation with central obesity markers were less accurate, with wide confidence intervals 35 or standard of error. 37 Importantly, effect sizes were modest with one-drink per day increases correlating with ~1 cm increase in WC.…”