Macrophage activation by polysaccharides fromAtractylodes macrocephalaKoidz through the nuclear factor-κB pathway

Abstract

Context: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is a traditional herb. Atractylodes macrocephalaon polysaccharides (AMP) have been found to enhance immunity and improve heart function. However, the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect have not been investigated. Objective: We examined whether AMP activated macrophages and explored the mechanisms of activation. Materials and methods: AMP was prepared and evaluated its immunomodulatory activity (25, 50, 100, and 200 lg/mL) by detecting the phagocytosis and the production of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IFN-c, and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the role of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway was examined in regulating TNF-a and NO production. Results: The phagocytosis of macrophages was enhanced by AMP in a dose-dependent manner and the maximal phagocytosis of macrophages occurred at concentrations of 100 and 200 lg/mL. NO, TNF-a, and IFN-c release was also found to be dose dependent by increasing concentrations of AMP and reached the peak at a concentration of 200 lg/mL. In addition, AMP induced inhibitor kappaB (IkB) degradation and the activation of NF-kB by p65 nuclear translocation, and then the activation of NF-kB in nucleus peaked at a concentration of 200 lg/ mL. Besides, NF-kB-specific inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) decreased AMP-induced NO and TNF-a production. Discussion and conclusion: These data suggest that AMP may modulate macrophage activities by stimulating NF-kB or activating NF-kB-dependent mechanisms.

Chinese nonmedicinal herbal diet and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A population‐based case‐control study

“…All of these species contain at least 1 active ingredient from polysaccharides, flavonoids, or flavonoid glycosides. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that these bioactive components may augment the immune response, 27,28 enhance antioxidant abilities, 29,30 induce apoptotic pathways, 31 and suppress cancer cell migration. 32 Moreover, extractions of S. glabra and S. coicis may inhibit the activation of EBV 33 by eliminating free radicals, inducing the functional maturation of dendritic cells, and activating macrophages.…”

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“…TNF-␣ is an important proinflammatory cytokine and plays a critical role in the immune and inflammatory response (Liu, Ho, & Mak, 2012). It has been reported that TNF-␣ can act on macrophages and monocytes in an autocrine manner to strengthen various functional responses and induce the expression of other immunoregulatory mediators (Ji, Chen, & Zheng, 2015). As shown in Fig.…”

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