Macrophage Activation in the Dorsal Root Ganglion in Rats Developing Autotomy after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Xu, Xiang Xi; Zhou, Xijie; Du, Junbao; Liu, Xiao; Qing, Liming; Johnson, Blake N.; Jia, Xin

doi:10.3390/ijms222312801

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Macrophages play important roles in the regulation of immune responses following nerve injury (Chernykh et al, 2016). After peripheral nerve injury, macrophages in ipsilateral DRG rapidly elevate proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α, which facilitate the sensitization of nociceptive pathway and promote pain development and maintenance (Calvo et al, 2012; Xu et al, 2021). Our results showed that Hk2 ablation effectively reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines in DRG, as was consistent with the reduced density of macrophages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HK2 in microglia and macrophages contribute to the development of neuropathic pain

Wang,

Jiang,

Cao

et al. 2023

Glia

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Neuropathic pain is a complex pain condition accompanied by prominent neuroinflammation involving activation of both central and peripheral immune cells. Metabolic switch to glycolysis is an important feature of activated immune cells. Hexokinase 2 (HK2), a key glycolytic enzyme enriched in microglia, has recently been shown important in regulating microglial functions. Whether and how HK2 is involved in neuropathic pain‐related neuroinflammation remains unknown. Using a HK2‐tdTomato reporter line, we found that HK2 was prominently elevated in spinal microglia. Pharmacological inhibition of HK2 effectively alleviated nerve injury‐induced acute mechanical pain. However, selective ablation of Hk2 in microglia reduced microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) with little analgesic effects. Further analyses showed that nerve injury also significantly induced HK2 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) macrophages. Deletion of Hk2 in myeloid cells, including both DRG macrophages and spinal microglia, led to the alleviation of mechanical pain during the first week after injury, along with attenuated microgliosis in the ipsilateral SDH, macrophage proliferation in DRGs, and suppressed inflammatory responses in DRGs. These data suggest that HK2 plays an important role in regulating neuropathic pain‐related immune cell responses at acute phase and that HK2 contributes to neuropathic pain onset primarily through peripheral monocytes and DRG macrophages rather than spinal microglia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HK2 in microglia and macrophages contribute to the development of neuropathic pain

Wang,

Jiang,

Cao

et al. 2023

Glia

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“…Irrigatable nociceptorsare intact hyperexcitable fibres 39 . As a result, the patient may have chronic pain, numbness, or evoked pains.…”

Section: Fig 3: Etiology Symptom and Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

IJPSR

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Neuropathic pain is a chronic illness that originates when abnormal functioning in the nervous system is observed or if the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cords, and brain, is damaged or not working properly, and originating pain. Therefore, it can be said that neuropathic pain is a chronic illness that directly impacts a large number of patients, society, and healthcare systems all over the world. The prevalence of neuropathic pain is believed to be 7-8% in the general population, and it is supposed to rise in the future. The impact of neuropathic pain on older persons is significant. The medical practitioner faces a problem in reducing neuropathic pain symptoms and improving the patient's quality of life. Older people are easily and badly affected by neuropathic pain and are more susceptible to specific adverse effects. Neuropathic pain is different from nociceptive pain, and there is a requirement for a different treatment strategy for neuropathic pain management. The present review article is based on a detailed literature survey on etiology, symptoms, disease progression, modern approaches to treating neuropathic pain, and the information about marketed drugs used for effective treatment. The recommendations of clinical practices for neuropathic pain are presented in this review and their utility in clinical practice. The outcome-based clinical data research is employed for managing neuropathic pain and mitigating the associated conditions. INTRODUCTION:Neuropathic Pain (NP) is a chronic and complicated pain syndrome that frequently results from tissue damage. Neuropathic Pain is associated with the condition when the nervous system is damaged or not working in a good way. Sometimes, nerve filaments themselves may be damaged and malfunction, resulting in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is caused by a disease or injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems and can strike at any time.

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“…On occasions, the definition of autotomy has been further expanded. Primarily, the term was co-opted by several other fields of biological science to describe animals that reproduce asexually through binary fission [ 7 ] or vertebrates that exhibit self-mutilation or denervation following neural degradation [ 8 ]. Because they fall outside the definition of autotomy presented above, these behaviours will not be covered in this review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shake it off: exploring drivers and outcomes of autotomy in marine invertebrates

Jobson,

Hamel,

Mercier

2024

Biol. Lett.

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Autotomy refers to self-amputation where the loss of a limb or organ is generally said to be (1) in response to stressful external stimuli; (2) voluntary and nervously mediated; (3) supported by adaptive features that increase efficiency and simultaneously mediate the cost; and (4) morphologically delineated by a predictable breakage plane. It is estimated that this phenomenon has evolved independently nine different times across the animal kingdom, appearing in many different taxa, including vertebrate and invertebrate as well as aquatic and terrestrial animals. Marine invertebrates use this behaviour in a diversity of manners that have yet to be globally reviewed and critically examined. Here, published data from marine invertebrate taxa were used to explore instances of injury as an evolutionary driver of autotomy. Findings suggest that phyla (e.g. Echinodermata and Arthropoda) possibly experiencing high rates of injury (tissue damage or loss) are more likely to be able to perform autotomy. Additionally, this review looks at various morphological, physiological and environmental conditions that have either driven the evolution or maintained the behaviour of autotomy in marine invertebrates. Finally, the use of autotomic abilities in the development of more sustainable and less ecologically invasive fisheries is explored.

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Macrophage Activation in the Dorsal Root Ganglion in Rats Developing Autotomy after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

HK2 in microglia and macrophages contribute to the development of neuropathic pain

HK2 in microglia and macrophages contribute to the development of neuropathic pain

Untitled

Shake it off: exploring drivers and outcomes of autotomy in marine invertebrates

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