Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expression in breast cancer

Leek, Russell; Hunt, Nicholas; Landers, R J; Lewis, Claire E.; Royds, Janice A.; Harris, Adrian L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(200003)190:4<430::aid-path538>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 276 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The presence of tumor associated macrophages, known to produce angiogenic factors such as VEGF, was correlated to vascular grade and to clinical outcome in breast cancer (23)(24)(25). Similarly, in the present study, we observed a higher microvessel density and leukocyte (and macrophage) infiltration in medullary carcinoma as compared with ductal carcinoma.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Angiogenic Profile of Breast Carcinoma Determines Leukocyte Infiltration

Steege¹,

Baeten²,

Thijssen³

et al. 2004

Clinical Cancer Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Angiogenic Profile of Breast Carcinoma Determines Leukocyte Infiltration

Steege¹,

Baeten²,

Thijssen³

et al. 2004

Clinical Cancer Research

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“…TP-mediated macrophage chemotaxia may, therefore, contribute to the angiogenic process, as activated macrophages, apart from producing TP, usually secrete a variety of pro-angiogenic and angiogenic cytokines (Sunderkotter et al, 1994;Ono et al, 1999;White et al, 2001). The angiogenic relevance of an intense macrophage infiltration of the tumour stroma has been shown in a variety of other human tumours including breast (Leek et al, 2000), endometrial (Hashimoto et al, 2000) and lung carcinomas (Takanami et al, 1999), gliomas and malignant melanomas (Torisu et al, 2000).…”

Section: Molecular and Cellular Pathologymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In malignant disease, the process of macrophage activation was connected with an antitumour activity (Lavnikova et al, 1996;Ragnhammar, 1996) and stimulation of angiogenesis (Polverini and Leibovich, 1984;Arras et al, 1998), the latter being mediated through the secretion of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and several angiogenic cytokines, including the TP/PD-ECGF (Sunderkotter et al, 1994;Leek et al, 2000). Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) express TP, but recruitment of activated macrophages into the tumour by tumour cells expressing TP may also contribute to angiogenesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic prostates: correlation with tumour associated macrophages, infiltrating lymphocytes, and angiogenesis

et al. 2002

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Thymidine phosphorylase is an angiogenic factor primarily expressed by cancer cells, stromal cells and tumour-associated macrophages in many human malignancies. These different types of thymidine phosphorylase-expressing cells, however, may have a distinct place in the angiogenic process, and this question was addressed in the present study. A series of 20 normal/ hyperplastic prostate glands and 60 prostate carcinomas was investigated by immunohistochemistry, using specific antibodies for thymidine phosphorylase (P-GF.44C), tumour-associated macrophages (CD68), endothelium (CD31) and prostate specific antigen (ER-PR8). Thymidine phosphorylase expression by normal and hyperplastic epithelial or stromal cells occurred almost exclusively in the context of an intense lymphocytic infiltrate. High thymidine phosphorylase cancer cells and thymidine phosphorylase stromal cells expression was associated with high angiogenesis in prostate carcinomas, and this significant association was extended to include both tumour-associated macrophages and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Thymidine phosphorylase expression and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were related inversely with prostate specific antigen reactivity. In conclusion, thymidine phosphorylase is a major angiogenic factor in prostate carcinomas and its up-regulation is likely to occur in the context of a host immune response.

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“…10 In addition, a number of cytokines and growth factors have also been implicated in the recruitment of monocytes into tumors. These include colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), 6,11 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 12,13 endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAPII) 14 and endothelin-1. 15 It should be noted that much of the data linking the role of these chemoattractants to monocyte recruitment into tumors have come from descriptive studies correlating their expression with macrophage accumulation in various forms of human tumors.…”

Section: Monocyte Recruitment Into Tumorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophage migration and gene expression in response to tumor hypoxia

Murdoch

Lewis

2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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184

143

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Monocytes are recruited into tumors from the circulation along defined chemotactic gradients and they then differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Recent evidence has shown that large numbers of TAMs are attracted to and retained in avascular and necrotic areas, where they are exposed to tumor hypoxia. At these sites, TAMs appear to undergo marked phenotypic changes with activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, dramatically upregulating the expression of a large number of genes encoding mitogenic, proangiogenic and prometastatic cytokines and enzymes. As a consequence, high TAMs density has been correlated with increased tumor growth and angiogenesis in various tumor types. Since hypoxia is a hallmark feature of malignant tumors and hypoxic tumor cells are relatively resistant to radio-and chemotherapy, these areas have become a target for novel forms of anticancer therapy. These include hypoxiatargeted gene therapy in which macrophages are armed with therapeutic genes that are activated by hypoxia-responsive promoter elements. This restricts transgene expression to hypoxic areas, where the gene product is then released and acts on neighboring hypoxic tumor cells or proliferating blood vessels. In this way, the responses of macrophages to tumor hypoxia can be exploited to deliver potent antitumor agents to these poorly vascularized, and thus largely inaccessible, areas of tumors. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Macrophage infiltration is associated with VEGF and EGFR expression in breast cancer

Cited by 276 publications

References 29 publications

Angiogenic Profile of Breast Carcinoma Determines Leukocyte Infiltration

Angiogenic Profile of Breast Carcinoma Determines Leukocyte Infiltration

Thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic prostates: correlation with tumour associated macrophages, infiltrating lymphocytes, and angiogenesis

Macrophage migration and gene expression in response to tumor hypoxia

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