Macrophages and Metabolic Reprograming in the Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract

Due to the emergence of traditional drug resistance in tumor treatment, the anti-cancer therapies are facing multiple challenges. Immunotherapy, as a new and universal treatment, has been gradually concerned. The macrophages, as an important part of the immune system, play an important role in it. Many studies have shown that immune state is essential in cancer progression and prognosis, rebuilding the architecture and functional orientation of the tumor region. Most tumors are complex ecosystems that change temporally and spatially under the pressure of proliferation, apoptosis, and extension of every cell in the microenvironment. Here, we review how macrophages states can be dynamically altered in different metabolic states and we also focus on the formation of immune exhaustion. Finally, we look forward to the explorations of clinical treatment for immune metabolism process.

Lipids in cancer: a global view of the contribution of lipid pathways to metastatic formation and treatment resistance

“…Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) - With their precursors, TAMs constitute the most prominent cells of the myeloid infiltrate in several solid tumors [ 88 , 89 ]. Although they are commonly classified in pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2), which restrain or support tumor progression, respectively, a broad spectrum of intermediate M2 phenotypes with distinct functions has been described [ 88 – 90 ].…”

LncRNA CARMN Affects Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognosis by Regulating the miR-192-5p/LOXL2 Axis

“…The tumor microenvironment is a hot topic of research in recent years. The immune microenvironment, consisting of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (B cells, T cells) and other immune cells (such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils), is an important part of the tumor microenvironment and is considered as the "seventh hallmark feature" of tumors, so more research is urgently needed to focus on the link between immune cell infiltration and tumors [38][39][40]. In our research, a positive correlation between LOXL2 expression and dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cell in HCC was observed.…”

Chemistry and Biological Activities of Naturally Occurring and Structurally Modified Podophyllotoxins

“…So, inhibiting the quick dividing cancer cells did not mean to the cure of this disease [255][256][257][258][259][260]. Finally, the microenvironment [261][262][263] also played very important role in the generation, development and metastasis of a tumor; however, microenvironment was less studied in podophyllotoxins. In order to find a potent drug with high therapeutics, more experiments should be conducted.…”