Macrophages, Dust, and Pulmonary Diseases

Bowden, D. H.

doi:10.3109/01902148709062834

Cited by 136 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In the mammalian lung alveolar macrophages constitute an important defence line at the gas-blood barrier [9,10] that protects the extensive surface area which is only separated by a thin, easily assailable tissue barrier [55]. Relatively little is known about the corresponding cell type in the avian lungair sac system.…”

Section: The Phagocyte System Of the Avian Lung And Air Sacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

2006

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-The lung is a major target organ for numerous viral and bacterial diseases of poultry. To control this constant threat birds have developed a highly organized lung-associated immune system. In this review the basic features of this system are described and their functional properties discussed. Most prominent in the avian lung is the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) which is located at the junctions between the primary bronchus and the caudal secondary bronchi. BALT nodules are absent in newly hatched birds, but gradually developed into the mature structures found from 6-8 weeks onwards. They are organized into distinct B and T cell areas, frequently comprise germinal centres and are covered by a characteristic follicle-associated epithelium. The interstitial tissue of the parabronchial walls harbours large numbers of tissue macrophages and lymphocytes which are scattered throughout tissue. A striking feature of the avian lung is the low number of macrophages on the respiratory surface under non-inflammatory conditions. Stimulation of the lung by live bacteria but not by a variety of bacterial products elicits a significant efflux of activated macrophages and, depending on the pathogen, of heterophils. In addition to the cellular components humoral defence mechanisms are found on the lung surface including secretory IgA. The compartmentalisation of the immune system in the avian lung into BALT and non BALTregions should be taken into account in studies on the host-pathogen interaction since these structures may have distinct functional properties during an immune response.

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Section: The Phagocyte System Of the Avian Lung And Air Sacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

2006

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“…On entering the interstitium of the lung they undergo a series of maturational stages before transferring to the surface (e.g. van Furth, 1970;Bowden and Adamson, 1980;Blussé van Oud Alblas et al, 1983;Bowden, 1987;Sebring and Lehnert, 1992;Brain et al, 1999;Geiser, 2010). The turnover time of the PSMs is ~6 days and amounts to 15.10 3 cells per hour (Blussé van Oud Alblas et al, 1983).…”

Section: Pulmonary Surface (Free) Macrophages (Psms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to their well-serving protective activities, under certain conditions, macrophages function as a 'double-edged sword': they can initiate, exacerbate, and prolong inflammatory responses that cause immune suppression and progression of pathologies like cancer, leading to higher morbidity and mortality (e.g. Brain, 1976Brain, , 1980Brain, , 1992Brain et al, 1984;Bowden, 1987;Warner, 1996;Yanagawa et al, 1996;Fireman et al, 1999;Ishii et al, 2005;Parbhakar et al, 2005;Rubovitch et al, 2007;Shimotakahara et al, 2007;Sica and Bronte, 2007;Kaczmarek et al, 2008;Gill et al, 2008;Biswas et al, 2008;Aharonson-Raz and Singh, 2010;De Palma and Lewis, 2011).…”

Section: General Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

Maina¹

2012

Respiratory Diseases

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'Our lungs are highly complex organs that are exquisitely specialized for gas exchange and host defense.' Rawlins (2010) 1. Introduction General considerationsThe most important function of the lung is to acquire molecular oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Except probably for the gastrointestinal system, no other organ in the body interacts with the external environment as constantly and as intimately as the respiratory system. For example, during a 24 hour period, at rest, the human lung is ventilated ~25,000 times with ~20,000 L of air (e.g. Burri, 1985; Brain, 1996), it has a respiratory surface area (RSA) of ~140 m 2 (about the size of a tennis court) which is located in the acini that lie no more than 40 to 50 cm from the external environment (air) (e.g. Weibel, 1984), and the thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (BGB) (harmonic mean thickness, ht) is 0.62 μm, a value about one-fiftieth of the thickness of a foolscap paper or that of a human head hair (Gehr et al., 1978(Gehr et al., , 1990a. By weight, each day, more than 20 kg of air enters and leaves the human body, a load that far exceeds that of food and water ingested during the same time period (Brain, 1996). Depending on the level of air pollution, different types and quantities of foreign particulates and microbial pathogens are inhaled. While large RSA and thin BGB increase gas exchange, the concomitant downside to these structural properties is that they make the lung a leading portal of entry and therefore attack by pathogenic micro-organisms, damage by allergens and particulates, and injury by noxious gases (e.g. Brain, , 1992Lambrecht et al. 2001;Garn et al., 2006). The inhaled particulates are deposited on the epithelial lining of the conducting airways and that of the peripheral air spaces where they are retained for various durations before they are removed or destroyed (e.g. Geiser et al., 1988; Gehr et al., 1990 a, b). Brain (1996) observed that 'the lung is unique in that the marriage between environment and lung disease is profound. The respiratory system threfore forms a huge challenge to the body's immune integrity (e.g. von Garnier and Nicod, 2009 , 1993;Schwartz, 1994;Brunekreef et al., 1995;Ware, 2000;Pope, 2000;Nemmar et al., 2002;Pope et al., 2002;Suwa et al., 2002;Schulz et al., 2005;Kaufman, 2010;Brook et al., 2010; van den Hooven et al., 2011;Kampfrath et al., 2011 gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/crdmrc/facts_gen_e.html). According to the Canadian Lung Association (CLA), the economic burden of respiratory disease in the Country is ~3 billion ($US) dollars (http://www.bukisa.com/articles/455926_lung-health-occupational-healthincidence#ixzz1I4jwMvBX). Based on net changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth forecasts, the estimated annual cost of SARS (Sudden Avian Respiratory Syndrome) in Asia exceeds 10 billion dollars ($US) (Lee and McKibbin, 2003;Fan, 2003;McKibbin and Sidorenko, 2006) and according to the World Bank's estimates, an influenza pandemic may result in a loss (expenditure) of 800 billion dollars ($US) (Brahm...

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“…The health effects of inhaled particulates range from minimal changes to profound acute or chronic injury (2). Recent epidemiologic data have identified an important association between levels of respirable ambient particulates and morbidity and mortality in the population (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alveolar Macrophage Interaction with Air Pollution Particulates

Goldsmith¹,

Frevert²,

Imrich³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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We applied flow cytometric analysis to characterize the in vitro response of alveolar macrophages (AM) to air pollution particulates. Normal hamster AM were incubated with varying concentrations of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) or concentrated ambient air particulates (CAP). We found a dosedependent increase in AM-associated right angle light scatter (RAS) after uptake of ROFA (e.g., mean channel number 149.4 ± 6.5, 102.5 ± 4.1, 75.8 ± 3.5, and 61 .0 ± 4.6 at 200, 100, 50, and 25 mg/ml, respectively) or CAP. A role for scavenger-type receptors (SR) in AM uptake of components of ROFA and CAP was identified by marked inhibition of RAS increases in AM pretreated with the specific SR inhibitor polyinosinic acid. We combined measurement of particle uptake (RAS) with flow cytometric analysis of intracellular oxidation of dichlorofluorescin. Both ROFA and CAP caused a dose-related intracellular oxidant stress within AM, comparable to that seen with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (e.g., fold increase over control, 6.6±0.4, 3.6±0.4, 4.6 ± 0.5, 200 mg/ml ROFA, 100 mg/ml ROFA, and 10-7 M PMA, respectively). We conclude that flow cytometry of RAS increases provides a useful relative measurement of AM uptake of complex particulates within ROFA and CAP. Both ROFA and CAP cause substantial intracellular oxidant stress within AM, which may contribute to subsequent cell activation and production of proinflammatory mediators.

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Macrophages, Dust, and Pulmonary Diseases

Cited by 136 publications

References 56 publications

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

Alveolar Macrophage Interaction with Air Pollution Particulates

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