Macroscopic identification of Chinese medicinal materials: Traditional experiences and modern understanding

Morpho-Anatomical and Physicochemical Standardization of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Stem Bark

“…In this context, the study was undertaken to set the standardization parameters for establishing the quality of the stem bark of D. malabarica. Physicochemical studies of stem bark acts as ensure the quality and purity of the crude drug [20,21]. …”

The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products

“…Macroscopic identification involves the examination of macroscopic and sensory characteristics of semiprocessed, i.e., dried, sliced bulk plant material [28,128,129]. Microscopic identification can be applied to whole, fragmented, or powdered material, and it can be helpful in cases where plant species are undistinguishable merely based on their macroscopic characteristics [30].…”

“…Microscopic identification can be applied to whole, fragmented, or powdered material, and it can be helpful in cases where plant species are undistinguishable merely based on their macroscopic characteristics [30]. These methods are very time-and cost-efficient; therefore, they are very widely applied for authentication purposes of traditional herbs [129,130]. Also, herbal pharmacopeia monographs usually contain a detailed description of macroscopic and microscopic drug characteristics, allowing a first assessment of identity and, in some cases, the identification of common adulterants [30,131].…”

Phytochemical and pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Pongamia pinnata L. (Fabaceae)

“…There are many reports in the literature where pharmacognostic study of leaves of different plants is reported eg. Melaleuca leucadendron [27] , Nelumbo nucifera, [28] Manilkara zapota, [29] Eucalyptus globulus, [30] Cinnamomum verum, [31] Terminalia catappa, [32] Psidium guajava [33] and Polyalthia longifolia. [34] In conclusion, these parameters are reported for the first time for P. pinnata leaf.…”