Macroscopic, Neat, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Ericson, Lars M.; Fan, Haojun; Peng, Haowei; Davis, Virginia A.; Zhou, Wei; Sulpizio, Joseph; Wang, YuHuang; Booker, Richard; Vavro, Juraj; Guthy, Csaba; Parra-Vasquez, A. Nicholas G.; Kim, Myung Jong; Ramesh, Sivarajan; Saini, Rajesh K.; Kittrell, Carter; Lavin, Gerry; Schmidt, Howard K.; Adams, W. Wade; Billups, W. E.; Pasquali, Matteo; Hwang, Wen Fang; Hauge, Robert H.; Fischer, J. E.; Smalley, R. E.

doi:10.1126/science.1101398

Cited by 810 publications

(668 citation statements)

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“…It is well established that Raman intensity of SWNTs is maximal when exciting light polarization is along the nanotubes axis. [22][23][24] When the air stream was applied in random directions, no change in Raman intensity was observed indicating an isotropic orientation. However, directing the air stream in one direction resulted in a significant degree of alignment and a Raman ratio (G 0 / G 90 ) of 7 ( Figure 3c).…”

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Strong Antimicrobial Coatings: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Armored with Biopolymers

et al. 2008

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Large scale biomimetic single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) coatings with significant antimicrobial activity, high Young's Modulus, and controlled morphology were fabricated using layer-by-layer assembly. Thickness was controlled within 1.6 nm and SWNT orientation was controlled using a directed air stream. This unique blend of multifunctionality and vertical and lateral control of a bottom-up assembly process is a significant advancement in developing macroscale assemblies with the combined attributes of SWNTs and natural materials.Concern about the spread of infections through contact with contaminated surfaces was once limited to specific groups of people including astronauts who are subject to confined living spaces and the virulence-enhancing effects of space flight 1 and people requiring surgery or implantable devices. 2 More recently, there has been growing concern about the role of contaminated surfaces in the spread of infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 3,4 and Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA). 5 Antimicrobial surfaces are therefore desirable not only for the aerospace, defense, and medical industries but also for the consumer product and public transportation industries. We have used layer-by-layer assembly to produce coatings that combine the strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme (LSZ).LSZ, a key member of ova-antimicrobials, is a powerful natural antibacterial protein. 6 It is in the class of enzymes which lyse the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria by hydrolyzing the -1,4 linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) of gigantic polymers in the peptidoglycan (murein). 7,8 Unlike many antimicrobials, LSZ has both enzymatic and nonenzymatic activity in both its native and denatured states and is useful even in processes which require heat treatment. The potential use of LSZ as an antimicrobial agent in pharmaceuticals, food preservatives, and packaging is an active area of research, 7,8 but the effective use of LSZ requires incorporating it with a more mechanically robust material. SWNTs are well-known for exceptional combination of mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties. 9-11 However, the efficient transfer of SWNTs' inherent nanoscale properties to macroscopic structures and devices has been an ongoing research challenge comprised of three main issues: SWNT dispersion, controlled assembly, and efficient load transfer. There has been growing interest in using biological materials to stabilize dispersions of pristine SWNTs. DNA enables much higher concentrations of dispersions of individual and small bundles of SWNTs 11,12 than any other known material besides superacids; 13,14 DNA-SWNT dispersions have even been used to produce liquid crystalline dispersions for solution spinning. 15 Similarly, favorable intermolecular interactions enable dispersion of individual and small bundles of SWNTs in proteins such as LSZ...

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Strong Antimicrobial Coatings: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Armored with Biopolymers

et al. 2008

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“…The production of continuous yarns of pure CNTs has been accomplished by "dry-spinning", the mechanical process of spinning either the single-walled CNTs directly from a CVD (chemical vapor deposition) gaseous reaction zone [1,2] or with the multi-walled CNTs previously grown as a vertically oriented CNT forest [3,4] . In contrast, "wet-spinning", the spinning of a "super-acid (100 + %sulfuric acid) suspension" [5] of the single-walled CNTs, produced purely CNT-based continuous fibers.The pure CNT-based yarns and/or fibers retained the advantageous properties of the individual nanotubes, such as the high electrical and thermal conductivities. However, the preparation of industrial quantities of the single-walled CNTs or the multi-walled CNT forests, the precursors for making the CNT-based yarns/fibers, is presently impractical.…”

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The production of soft, durable, and electrically conductive polyester multifilament yarns by dye-printing them with carbon nanotubes

Fugetsu

Akiba

Hachiya³

et al. 2009

Carbon

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(B. Fugetsu)2 Continuous yarns and/or fibers composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are highly attractive due to their intrinsic ability to form a variety of macroscopic objects by simply knitting and/or weaving of the yarns/fibers. The production of continuous yarns of pure CNTs has been accomplished by "dry-spinning", the mechanical process of spinning either the single-walled CNTs directly from a CVD (chemical vapor deposition) gaseous reaction zone [1,2] or with the multi-walled CNTs previously grown as a vertically oriented CNT forest [3,4] . In contrast, "wet-spinning", the spinning of a "super-acid (100 + %sulfuric acid) suspension" [5] of the single-walled CNTs, produced purely CNT-based continuous fibers.The pure CNT-based yarns and/or fibers retained the advantageous properties of the individual nanotubes, such as the high electrical and thermal conductivities. However, the preparation of industrial quantities of the single-walled CNTs or the multi-walled CNT forests, the precursors for making the CNT-based yarns/fibers, is presently impractical.Continuous fibers containing a few wt % of CNTs, obtained, for example, by incorporating the single-walled CNTs into PVA polymers [6, 7], have shown excellent fiber properties, but electrical and thermal conductivities were low because of limitations on the contents of CNTs. Despite the production of continuous fibers with up to 60 wt% CNT content [8], the development of the CNT-based continuous yarns/fibers having high industrial

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“…While uniform alignment under shear is possible, 70 the macroscopic-scale order is lost when the shear stress is removed 62 . If instead the aim is to achieve CNT fibers with a high degree of alignment, the shear-induced director control is however sufficient, as evidenced by the successful solution spinning of carbon nanotube fibers from a nematic phase of 75 SWCNTs suspended in super acid 59 .…”

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“…We end this review with a discussion of the case that the LC is not a host for the CNTs, but rather it is formed by the CNTs themselves, a research field that has been developed mainly by the groups around Windle 34,35,38 , Poulin 32,36,49 and Smalley 33,37,59 . The basis for this phenomenon is the classical Onsager argument for liquid crystal phase formation in concentrated suspensions of rigid rods 60,61 : if the aspect ratio of the rods and their concentration are both large enough, the free energy of the system is reduced by forming a nematic 10 phase, the cost of reduced orientational entropy being less than the gain in translational entropy (the latter corresponds to a decrease of excluded volume).…”

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Carbon Nanotubes in Liquid Crystals

Lagerwall

Scalia

2014

Handbook of Liquid Crystals

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We review the research on carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion in liquid crystals (LCs), focusing mainly on the approaches where the aim is to align CNTs along the LC director field, but covering briefly also the proposed possibility to enhance thermotropic LCs by CNT-doping. All relevant LC types are considered: thermotropic LC hosts allowing dynamic CNT realignment, lyotropic LC hosts allowing very high concentration of CNTs uniformly aligned over macroscopic areas and 10 consequent removal of the LC, and LC phases formed by CNTs themselves, used in spinning highquality carbon nanotube fibres. We also discuss the issue of CNT dispersion with some detail, since successful nanotube separation is imperative for success in this field regardless of the type of LC that is considered. We end by defining a few major challenges for the development of the field over the next few years, critical for reaching the stage where industrially viable protocols for LC-15 based CNT alignment can be defined.

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Macroscopic, Neat, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Cited by 810 publications

References 28 publications

Strong Antimicrobial Coatings: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Armored with Biopolymers

Strong Antimicrobial Coatings: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Armored with Biopolymers

The production of soft, durable, and electrically conductive polyester multifilament yarns by dye-printing them with carbon nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes in Liquid Crystals

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