Macular Electroretinograms: Their Accuracy, Specificity and Implementation for Clinical Use

Abstract

The pattern and the focal electroretinogram (ERG) are both non‐invasive, electrophysiological responses recorded from circumscribed retinal areas and are most easily recorded from the macula. This paper describes how our department has incorporated these tests into our clinical protocol, shows how the recording technique and the method of electrode construction may be improved, and describes the normal limits of the macular responses we obtain. The ERG signal‐noise ratio we obtained was better than that of the binocular visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded simultaneously. Pattern and focal ERGs, using improved methods of recording, show promise of being a valuable addition to the clinical investigation of subtle maculopathies and some forms of optic nerve dysfunction. Three illustrative cases are described. The first demonstrates normal macular ERG responses with abnormal Ganzfeld ERGs due to peripheral retinal damage. The second reveals differential pattern ERG reduction with normal focal ERG in recent optic neuritis. The third case demonstrates reversible simultaneous loss of Ganzfeld ERGs and macular ERGs in vitamin A deficiency.

Intrinsic optical signal imaging of retinal physiology: a review

“…Further integration of adaptive optics (AO) has enabled cellular resolution examination of retinal morphology. The focal ERG [38][39][40][41][42] and multifocal ERG 43,44 have been used to provide limited lateral resolution. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, morphological (structural) and physiological (functional) abnormalities in the retina are not always directly correlated, 2,28,29 in terms of the time window and spatial location.…”

In vivo super-resolution imaging of transient retinal phototropism evoked by oblique light stimulation

“…Although psychophysical and electrophysiological methods can be used for functional examination of the visual system, they suffer from low signal specificity or insufficient spatial resolution. [3][4][5][6] Therefore, a high-resolution method for objective examination of photoreceptor physiology is desirable to advance early diagnosis of AMD, RP, etc. Particularly, rod photoreceptors are known to be more vulnerable, compared with cone photoreceptors, in early AMD and RP.…”