Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration

Beatty, Stephen; Boulton, Mike; Henson, David B.; Koh, Hui-Hiang; Murray, Ian J.

doi:10.1136/bjo.83.7.867

Cited by 312 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…However, the practical engineering of a high-acuity prosthetic system is highly non-trivial and will require the integration of real-time image-processing for emulating the ganglion-cell encoding of the visual stimuli 39,15 (which generally includes a diversity of response types 40 ), high-resolution eyetracking 39 and real-time hologram computations. Major challenges also remain on the optogenetic probe engineering front-including testing of strategies for safe and effective cellular transfections 7 , and the exploration of favourable red-shifted alternatives to ChR2 (whose excitation peak is effectively absorbed by pigments of the macula lutea in humans 41 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration

et al. 2013

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When natural photoreception is disrupted, as in outer-retinal degenerative diseases, artificial stimulation of surviving nerve cells offers a potential strategy for bypassing compromised neural circuits. Recently, light-sensitive proteins that photosensitize quiescent neurons have generated unprecedented opportunities for optogenetic neuronal control, inspiring early development of optical retinal prostheses. Selectively exciting large neural populations are essential for eliciting meaningful perceptions in the brain. Here we provide the first demonstration of holographic photo-stimulation strategies for bionic vision restoration. In blind retinas, we demonstrate reliable holographically patterned optogenetic stimulation of retinal ganglion cells with millisecond temporal precision and cellular resolution. Holographic excitation strategies could enable flexible control over distributed neuronal circuits, potentially paving the way towards high-acuity vision restoration devices and additional medical and scientific neuro-photonics applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration

et al. 2013

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“…Current concepts would suggest a role for ApoE in this process, which seems to be in agreement with the finding that Apo 3 allele status has consequences for the risk of developing AMD, 84 and is also consistent with the hypothesis that MP is protective against this condition. 7 Retinal capture of the xanthophyll carotenoids is mediated largely by XBP, in particular the Pi isoform of GSTP1 in the case of zeaxanthin, as discovered by Bhosale et al 12 The specific XBP responsible for retinal uptake of lutein remains elusive. Interestingly, it has been found that the XBP system is saturable, which has implications for dietary supplementation with the xanthophyll carotenoids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and Retinal Capture of Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Reference to Age-related Macular Degeneration

Loane

Nolan

O'Donovan

et al. 2008

Survey of Ophthalmology

100

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Abstract. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population in the western world. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease remain unclear. However, there is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that the macular pigment carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, play an important role in protection against AMD, by filtering out blue light at a pre-receptoral level, or by quenching free radicals. Lutein and zeaxanthin are dietary xanthophyll carotenoids, which are delivered to the retina via plasma lipoproteins. The biological mechanisms governing retinal capture and accumulation of lutein and zeaxanthin, to the exclusion of other carotenoids, are still poorly understood. Although these mechanisms remain unclear, it is possible that selective capture of these carotenoids is related to lipoprotein, or apolipoprotein, function and profile. Xanthophyll-binding proteins appear to play an important role in the retinal capture of the xanthophyll carotenoids. The Pi isoform of GSTP1 has been isolated as a specific binding protein for zeaxanthin. The binding protein responsible for retinal uptake of lutein remains elusive. This article reviews the literature germane to the mechanisms involved in the capture, accumulation and stabilization of lutein and zeaxanthin by the retina, and the processes involved in their transport in serum. (Surv Ophthalmol 53:68--81, 2008 The central retina, known as the macula, is responsible for central and color vision because of its high concentration of cone photoreceptors. The macula is characterized by a yellow color, attributable to the presence of macular pigment. 81 Macular pigment (MP) is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin, two hydroxycarotenoids, which are entirely of dietary origin. 17 The concentration of MP peaks at the center of the macula, known as the fovea, where zeaxanthin is the dominant carotenoid. In contrast, lutein dominates in the parafoveal region. 16,82 Dietary sources 68

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“…Diversos autores apontam o estresse oxidativo da retina como uma das causas mais prováveis da gêne-se da DMRI (11)(12)(13) . Foi demonstrado que os raios ultravioletas (UV) ao interagir com o oxigênio produzem radicais livres (15) .…”

Section: Comentáriosunclassified

“…Variações séricas de luteína e zeaxantina, relacionadas à ingesta, podem ser ocasionadas pela competição do soro, tecidos e retina além de outros fatores desconhecidos, extrínsecos ou endógenos, que influenciam na sua absorção e/ou distribuição (143) . Por este motivo, relações entre L+Z no soro e a ocorrência de DMRI são inconsistentes em estudos epidemiológicos, a despeito da forte razão biológica que suporta a influência protetora destes carotenóides na condição relacionada com a idade (12,(144)(145) . Talvez estes fatos expliquem a controvérsia que há entre o relato nº 22 do AREDS (49) , que afirma que a dieta diária de luteína e zeaxantina estava relacionada independentemente com a DMRI, e o FDA que concluiu não haver evidências fidedignas da atuação destes componentes sobre o risco de DMRI (74) .…”

Section: Comentáriosunclassified

“…Introduzidos inicialmente na medicina geral com o intuito de aumentar a expectativa e qualidade de vida, prevenindo diversos tipos de câncer, doenças cardíacas e vári-as outras condições associadas ao envelhecimento (7)(8)(9)(10) , estão também sendo indicados na área oftalmológica. Pelo consenso que há a respeito do papel de patogênese do dano oxidativo cumulativo na DMRI (11)(12)(13) , vários artigos têm sido publicados demonstrando eventuais efeitos benéficos do uso destas substâncias contra esta patologia ocular. Evidências clínicas sugerem que a inclusão de compostos antioxidantes como a vitamina E, vitamina A, vitamina C e o zinco, presentes em alguns alimentos, são capazes de prevenir e minimizar os efeitos da DMRI (14)(15)(16)(17) .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Conceitos atuais e perspectivas na prevenção da degeneração macular relacionada à idade

Torres¹,

Précoma²,

Maia³

et al. 2008

Rev. bras.oftalmol.

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Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration

Cited by 312 publications

References 107 publications

Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration

Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration

Transport and Retinal Capture of Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Reference to Age-related Macular Degeneration

Conceitos atuais e perspectivas na prevenção da degeneração macular relacionada à idade

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