'Magdalens and Moral Imbeciles': Women's Homes in Nineteenth Century New Zealand

Tennant, Margaret

doi:10.7810/9780908912230_3

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…4, we have shifted the horizontal rotation axis so that the centre of symmetry agrees with that of Fig Experimental f numbers were obtained from the known composition of the crystal, its physical thickness and its density. In the 45 • orientation the effective thickness is 0.851 mm, or in terms of total iron in milligrams per square centimeter, 23 Similarly, in the perpendicular orientation, n Fe σ 0 = 9.8061. Then, the f i (i = 1 − 19) can be found from (22) for each of the experimental crystal orientations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 2 refers to the thin-crystal limit but the data of Fig. 4 must be thickness and polarization corrected before a meaningful comparison can be made-that is, before reliable parameters can be obtained from the refinement option of program MOSREF [23]. That thickness and polarization corrections are important is demonstrated easily.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intensity calculations are effected via program MOSREF [23] that utilizes exact diagonalizations of the Hamiltonian, (8) (arbitrary coordinates), and (20). The intensities of the two peaks of the quadrupole doublet are obtained by summing the intensities of the appropriate hyperfine components T ij of matrix T. Calculations are over the range 0 ≤ ε ≤ 2π in 20 • steps (i.e., for each corresponding θ, φ pair) and for each of the two symmetry-related sites.…”

Section: Crystallography and Intensity-tensor Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate Mössbauer revisited: a combined 57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray single crystal study

2009

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This paper investigates the electric-field gradient (efg) tensor for the Fe 2+ ion in ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate single crystals at 295 K from two different, but apparently equivalent, standpoints. Firstly, we calculate the expected angular dependence of the thin-crystal-limit reduced intensity ratios and total intensities of the quadrupole doublet utilizing earlier determined macroscopic intensity tensor data and X-ray-determined atomic-displacement parameters (ADPs) for the iron nucleus. The computer program used (MOSREF) utilizes matrix diagonalization in an arbitrary coordinate frame to calculate Mössbauer intensities for sites of any specified symmetry in crystals of any specified symmetry. Secondly we attempt to measure, directly by Mössbauer spectroscopy, the Lamb-Mössbauer factors that may, via the mean-squared-displacement tensor, be related to the Fe 2+ ADPs. From the experimental angular dependence of the reduced intensities (areas), corrected to the thin crystal limit, and experimental Mössbauer-determined mean-squared displacements, we determine the microscopic electric-field-gradient tensors for the two symmetry-related sites in the unit cell. This is achieved using the refinement options of program MOSREF where reduced intensities and total intensities are refined simultaneously. Successful determination of microscopic tensors depends on anisotropy in the absorber recoilless fractions that are in turn related to anisotropic Lamb-Mössbauer factors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystallography and Intensity-tensor Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate Mössbauer revisited: a combined 57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray single crystal study

2009

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“…For space group P2 1 /c the determined cell parameters were, in units Å, a = 5.8765 (3), b = 7.1100 (3), c = 8.4892 (5) and β = 111.096 (1) • . The anisotropic atomic displacement parameters for Fe referred to the crystal axis system were, in units Å 2 , U 11 = 0.00945 (19), U 22 = 0.01449 (19), U 33 = 0.00937 (19), U 12 = 0.00125 (6), U 13 = 0.00386 (13), and U 23 = 0.00030 (7). The R factor was 1.51% for 927 reflections.…”

Section: Crystallography and Intensity-tensor Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intensity calculations are effected by programme MOSREF [19] that utilizes exact (numerical) diagonalizations of the Hamiltonian matrix in arbitrary coordinates and the transition intensity Eq. 20 of Bull et al [8].…”

Section: Intensity Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic 57 Fe electric-field-gradient and anisotropic mean-squared-displacement tensors: ferrous chloride tetrahydrate

2010

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This paper reports the determination of the electric-field-gradient and mean-squared-displacement tensors in 57 Fe symmetry-related sites of1 Laue class in monoclinic FeCl 2 .4H 2 O at room temperature by single-crystal Mössbauer spectroscopy. Contrary to all previous work, the mean-squared-displacement matrix (tensor), , is not constrained to be isotropic resulting in the determination of physically meaningful estimates of microscopic (local) electric-field gradient (efg) and tensors. As a consequence of anisotropy in the tensor the absorber recoilless fractions are also anisotropic. As expected of a low-symmetry site, Laue class1 in this case, no two principal axes of the efg and tensors are coaxial, within the combined errors in the two. Further, no principal direction of the efg tensor seems related to bond directions in the unit cell. Within error, and in agreement with an earlier study of sodium nitroprusside, it appears that the tensor principal directions lie close to the crystallographic axes suggesting that they are determined by long wavelength (phonon) vibrations in the crystal rather than by approximate local symmetry about the 57 Fe nucleus. Concurrent with the Mössbauer measurements, we determined as part of a new X-ray structural determination, precise atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) leading to an alternative determination of the matrix (tensor). The average of the eigenvalues of the Mössbauer-determined exceeds that of the average of the X-ray-determined eigenvalues by a factor of around 2.2. Assuming isotropic absorber recoilless fractions leads to substantially the same (macroscopic) efg tensor as had been determined in earlier work. Taking 1 3 × the trace of the anisotropic absorber recoilless fractions leads to an isotropic value of 0.304 in good agreement with earlier single crystal studies where isotropy was assumed.

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Lone Mothers and Policy Discourse in New Zealand

Uttley

2000

J. Soc. Pol.

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Lone mother families are seen as a major policy problem facing governments throughout the OECD. Responses to this problem in New Zealand, as in many other countries, are couched in terms of imposing work and training programmes to encourage exit from dependency on government financial support. This article uses ideas of ‘needs talk’ and discourse coalitions to explore the language of policy framing. Two periods in the development of the women's movement in New Zealand during which opportunities within political institutions have been available to women are examined. It is argued that an unintended consequence of naming needs for many women has been to contribute to the marginalisation of needs of lone mothers and indirectly to encourage policies which seek control and normalisation of this group.

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'Magdalens and Moral Imbeciles': Women's Homes in Nineteenth Century New Zealand

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate Mössbauer revisited: a combined 57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray single crystal study

Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahydrate Mössbauer revisited: a combined 57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray single crystal study

Microscopic 57 Fe electric-field-gradient and anisotropic mean-squared-displacement tensors: ferrous chloride tetrahydrate

Lone Mothers and Policy Discourse in New Zealand

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