“…These six degrees of freedom may be based on Global coordinates or on element system coordinates. In the element system, X(&) is tangential and positive in the direction from element point (1) to element point (2) and Z is normal to the element, with positive Z being defined as thourrh the Global system were rotated about the Y(O) axis so as to align with the element X(&) axis (see Figure 11-18). In order to invoke the element axis option for the Toroidal Ring, a special code is employed which is described subsequently.…”