Magmatic origins and storage conditions for the historic eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

Moigne, Yannick Le; Vigouroux, N.; Russell, James K.; Williams‐Jones, Glyn

doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120648

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…4 ). The oxides have previously been identified as titanomagnetite 53 . Plagioclase crystals show albite and polysynthetic twinning and a composition of ~An35 is obtained using the Michel–Levy Method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenocryst phases are labelled. Abbreviations: pl: plagioclase; ol: olivine; ox: oxide (previously identified as titanomagnetite 53 ). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All Tseax eruption products are alkali, Fe-Ti-rich basanite-to-trachybasalt in composition 53 . Bulk major element chemical compositions determined by X-Ray fluorescence measurements of representative samples are shown in Table S1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirdly, the iron-rich pyroclasts were subject to rapid cooling—conditions that favour microlite crystallisation 52 . For these melt compositions it has been shown 53 that plagioclase and oxides will rapidly crystalize at temperatures just below the Tseax eruption temperature, T e . Supported by our thin section observations, we suggest that extensive plagioclase microlites formed towards the end of pyroclast inflation to generate the non-glassy surface texture observed (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

et al. 2022

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During explosive eruption of low viscosity magmas, pyroclasts are cooled predominantly by forced convection. Depending on the cooling efficiency relative to other timescales, a spectrum of deposits can be formed. Deposition of hot clasts, above their glass transition temperature, can form spatter mounds, ramparts and clastogenic lava flows. Clasts may also be deposited cold, producing tephra cones and blankets. Thus, the deposit and pyroclast type can provide information about eruption dynamics and magma properties. Here we examine pyroclasts from Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. These newly identified inflated pyroclasts, are fluidal in form, have undergone post-depositional expansion, and are found juxtaposed with scoria. Detailed field, chemical and textural observations, coupled with high temperature rheometry and thermal modelling, reveal that abrupt transitions in eruptive behaviour — from lava fountaining to low-energy bubble bursts — created these pyroclastic deposits. These findings should help identify transitions in eruptive behaviour at other mafic volcanoes worldwide.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenocryst phases are labelled. Abbreviations: pl: plagioclase; ol: olivine; ox: oxide (previously identified as titanomagnetite 53 ). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

et al. 2022

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“…Despite a rich oral history, the exact sequence and timing of the volcanic events has been difficult to establish. Furthermore, only a relatively limited number of scientific studies have been made on Tseax volcano including dating (Symons, 1975;Wuorinen, 1978;Williams-Jones et al, 2020), physical mapping (Hanson, 1924;Sutherland Brown, 1969;Le Moigne et al, 2020) and geochemistry studies (Higgins, 2009;Gallo, 2018;Le Moigne et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

et al. 2022

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Despite having relatively short timespans of eruptions, monogenetic volcanoes can pose significant risks to the nearby population. Here, we describe the ∼1700 CE eruption of Tseax volcano, British Columbia, which killed up to 2,000 people of the Nisga’a First Nation and is ranked as Canada’s worst natural disaster. Within the Nisga’a culture, Adaawak stories preserve an observational account of the Tseax eruption. In this study, we establish the chronology of the eruption by integrating field observations and petrophysical data informed by Nisga’a oral and written histories. The Nisga’a stories corroborate the short duration and exceptional intensity of the eruption as recorded in the volcanic products. The eruption was divided in two main periods: 1) Period A and 2) Period B. 1) The eruption started in a typical Hawaiian style with low levels of lava fountaining that built up a spatter rampart. This pyroclastic edifice was breached by voluminous pāhoehoe lavas erupted at high discharge rates. We estimate that almost half of the emplaced lava volume (0.20 km3) was erupted in Period A and had a flux of 800–1,000 m3/s. The low viscosity lava reached the Nass Valley, 20 km downstream of the volcano, in “swift currents”, and engulfed the former Nisga’a villages in only 1–3 days, thus likely being responsible for the reported fatalities. The discharge rates progressively diminished to 10–200 m3/s until the end of this first eruptive period, which lasted a few weeks to a few hundred days. 2) The Period B eruption produced two ‘a‘ā lavas with discharge rates <50 m3/s. This period was also characterised by an explosive phase of eruption that built a 70 m high tephra cone overlapping with a spatter rampart; Period B lasted approximately 20 days. In total, the eruption produced 0.5 km3 of volcanic materials (mostly in the form of lava flows) on the order of weeks to a few months. The mountainous terrain significantly controlled the emplacement of lava flows that reached long distances in a short amount of time. Our work shows that, under certain conditions, eruptions of small-volume monogenetic volcanoes ca pose risks comparable to flank eruptions on long-lived shield volcanoes.

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Rethinking natural hazards research and engagement to include co-creation with Indigenous communities

Jones,

Nyce,

Le Moigne

et al. 2024

npj Nat. Hazards

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Magmatic origins and storage conditions for the historic eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

Chronology and Eruption Dynamics of the Historic∼1700 CE Eruption of Tseax Volcano, British Columbia, Canada

Rethinking natural hazards research and engagement to include co-creation with Indigenous communities

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