Magnesium and Other Nutrient Deficiencies as Possible Causes of Hypertension and Low Birthweight

Wynn, Arthur; Wynn, Margaret

doi:10.1177/026010608800600201

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Magnesium and zinc act as essential elements for many metabolic pathways, regulate immune system, and act as cofactors for activation of many enzyme systems including antioxidant enzymes [17,28]. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy has been found to decrease incidence of preterm birth and intrauterine growth retardation [7,8]. Similarly, some trials with zinc supplementation during pregnancy have been shown to improve the immune system of the developing fetus and reduce the incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm delivery, and low birth weight [29,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Pre-Eclampsia

Jain

Sharma

Kulshreshtha

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

144

122

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Pre-eclampsia is the most common medical complication of pregnancy associated with increased maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Its exact etiology is not known, although several evidences indicate that various elements might play an important role in pre-eclampsia. This study was carried out to analyze and to compare the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in the serum of women with pre-eclampsia and in normal pregnant women. Fifty clinically diagnosed patients with pre-eclampsia (25 with mild and 25 with severe pre-eclampsia) and 50 normal pregnant controls were enrolled in this study. The serum calcium, magnesium, and zinc levels were estimated with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in normal pregnant group were 2.45 +/- 0.18 mmol/L, 0.79 +/- 0.13 mmol/L, and 15.64 +/- 2.4 micromol/L, respectively, while in mild pre-eclamptic group, these were 2.12 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, 0.67 +/- 0.14 mmol/L, and 12.72 +/- 1.7 micromol/L, respectively. Serum levels in severe pre-eclamptic group were 1.94 +/- 0.09 mmol/L, 0.62 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, and 12.04 +/- 1.4 micromol/L, respectively. These results indicate that reduction in serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and zinc during pregnancy might be possible contributors in etiology of pre-eclampsia, and supplementation of these elements to diet may be of value to prevent pre-eclampsia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During pregnancy, an inadequate dietary intake might be harmful not only for the mother but also for the growing fetus [7]. The possible role of various nutrient elements like protein, lipids, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper have been emphasized in pre-eclampsia [3,8,9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Pre-Eclampsia

Jain

Sharma

Kulshreshtha

et al. 2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

144

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is consistent with findings in other studies 5,10,11 . While the cause of preeclampsia remains elusive to scientific knowledge, magnesium and calcium deficiencies are thought to be implicated 4,10,16 . Studies from the early 1950s first elucidated the nature of the effects of calcium and magnesium ions at the neuromuscular junctions 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Calcium and Magnesium in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Idogun¹,

Imarengiaye²,

Momoh³

2007

African Journal of Reproductive Health

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The cause of preeclampsia remains unknown and calcium and magnesium supplement are being suggested as means of prevention. The objective of this study was to assess magnesium and calcium in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Nigerian women with preeclampsia and eclampsia.Setting was University of Benin Teaching Hospital, in Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional study comprising of eleven patients and twenty-three controls. The mean, standard deviation and Standard Error of Mean (SEM) were calculated. Student 't' test method was applied.Plasma calcium was significantly lower in patients than controls (9.2 ± 1.02 Vs 9.98 ± 0.87mg/dl, P 0.043) "t" test. The CSF calcium and magnesium levels were lower in patients than controls, (5.66 ± 1.22 vs 6.67 ± 1.15mg/ dl, P 0.043 and 1.75 ± 0.56 vs 1.91 ± 0.19mg/dl, P 0. < 0.0001) respectively.There is extracellular calcium and magnesium reduction in patients with preeclampsia and eclampsia. This reduction may have a cause and effect relationship with these disorders. RÉSUMÉLe calcium extracellulaire et le magnésium au cours de la rééclampsie et l'éclampsie On ne connaìt pas toujours la cause de l'éclampsie et le calcium et le supplément de magnésium ont été suggérés comme moyens de prévention. Cette étude a pour objectif d'évaluer le magnésium et le calcium dans le plasma et dans le liquide céphalo -rachidien chez les femmes nigérianes qui souffrent de la prééclampsie et de l'éclampsie. Le cadre était le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (UBTH) à Benin, au Nigéria. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale qui comprenait onze patientes et vingt-trois témoins. L'écart type de la moyenne et l'Erreur Type de la Moyenne (ETM) ont été calculés. La méthode de test de 't' de l'étudiant a été appliqué. La calcium du plasma était moins élevé chez les patientes que chez les témoins (9,2±, 02 Vs 9,98 ± 0, 87mg/dl) le test de "t". Les niveaux du calcium et du magnésium du liquide céphalo-rachidien (LLR) étaient moins élevés chez les patientes que chez les témoins (5,66 ± 1, 22 Vs 6,67 ± 1, 15mg/dl, P 0,043 et 1, 75 ± 0, 56 Vs 1,91 ± 0, 19mg/dl, P 0, < 0, 0001) respectivement. Il y a une réduction du calcium extracellulaire chez les patientes souffrant de la prééclampsie et de l'éclampsie. Cette réduction pourrait avoir un rapport de cause et d'effect avec ces troubles. (Rev Afr Santé Reprod 2007; 11[2]:80-85).

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“…However, controversy on the benefits of magnesium supplementation during pregnancy still exists due to inconsistency on the experimental designs of these studies (Mattar & Sibai, 1999;Makrides & Crowther, 2001). Moreover, an association between low magnesium status and low birth weight and small size for gestational age has been reported in animals but is still under discussion for humans (Wynn & Wynn, 1988). Nevertheless, a wellbalanced diet including foods rich in magnesium (eg whole grain products, vegetables) should be of benefit during pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effect of a plant-based diet on magnesium status during pregnancy

et al. 2004

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Objective: To compare dietary magnesium intake and magnesium concentrations in serum, red blood cells (RBC) and urine during pregnancy of women habitually following a long-term plant-based diet and of women following an average Western (control) diet. Design: Prospective study during pregnancy. Setting: Giessen, Germany. Subjects: Healthy pregnant women (n ¼ 108) in their 9-12th, 20-22nd and 36-38th gestational week habitually following a plant-based diet for more than 3 y or an average Western diet. The vegetarians were subdivided into ovo-lacto vegetarians (n ¼ 27) and low-meat eaters (n ¼ 43). Results: Significant higher dietary magnesium intakes were observed in pregnant women consuming a plant-based diet (508714 mg/day for ovo-lacto vegetarians, Po0.001 and 504711 mg/day for low-meat eaters, Po0.001) than in pregnant women consuming a control diet (41279 mg/day). Serum magnesium concentrations were similar in all diet groups whereas RBC magnesium was slightly higher in low-meat eaters than in controls (P ¼ 0.058). Urinary magnesium excretion was higher in ovo-lacto vegetarians (P ¼ 0.023), followed by low-meat eaters (P ¼ 0.017) when compared to the control group. During the third trimester of pregnancy, the frequency and the occurrence of calf cramps was lower in the plant-based diet group than in the control group (P ¼ 0.004 and 0.008). Conclusions: Owing to a higher dietary magnesium intake confirmed by higher urinary magnesium excretion, habitual plantbased diets result in a slightly improved magnesium status during pregnancy and reduce the frequency of calf cramps during the third trimester of pregnancy compared to an average Western diet. Therefore, plant-based diets during pregnancy can be recommended with regard to magnesium supply.

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Magnesium and Other Nutrient Deficiencies as Possible Causes of Hypertension and Low Birthweight

Cited by 35 publications

References 49 publications

The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Pre-Eclampsia

The Role of Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc in Pre-Eclampsia

Extracellular Calcium and Magnesium in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Long-term effect of a plant-based diet on magnesium status during pregnancy

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