Magnesium dietary intake and physical activity in Type 2 diabetes by gender in White, African‐American and Mexican American: NHANES 2011‐2014

Abstract

Aims To analyse the causal relationships of nutrition intake and physical activity on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified by gender and ethnicity. Materials and Methods An historical cohort of patients with diagnosed T2DM (n = 2831) was extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011‐2014 public database, including but not limited to, measurements of physical activity, nutrition, body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c. Multivariate analyses and path analyses were employed to estimate the regression coefficients and path coefficients (ρ) of causal path models of physical activity and nutrition intake on HbA1c stratified by gender and three ethnicity groups (ie non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black and Mexican American). Results A significant causal path from increased physical activity to increased magnesium (Mg) intake to decreased HbA1c was found. In addition, increased physical activity significantly decreased BMI, which further decreased HbA1c. These results varied by gender and ethnicity but were directionally consistent. Physical activity decreased HbA1c through BMI for males and through Mg intake for females. Mexican American decreased HbA1c through Mg intake, while non‐Hispanic black had an increased HbA1c due to its ethnicity and through increased BMI. Conclusions The beneficial effects of physical activity on decreased HbA1c were mediated through the increased Mg intake and decreased BMI. This aligned with recent investigations of the inverse causal association of Mg intake with insulin resistance and with decreased inflammation.

Inquiry of the Metabolic Traits in Relationship with Daily Magnesium Intake: Focus on Type 2 Diabetic Population

“…This was part of the results amid a study from 2024 that included 4249 subjects, more than half being males, with an average age of 45.4 ± 19.5 years, a mean body mass index of 27.8 ± 6.3 kg/sqm, and 11.53% of them being diabetic [ 33 ]. Magnesium intake per day may also be involved in complex interactions that impact overall glycaemic control, as suggested by a causal path indicating that higher physical activity level decreased HbA1c through daily magnesium intake, a result that was found in a study on 2831 subjects of various ethnic backgrounds, each of them being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus [ 34 ].…”

“…To summarize, four novel studies (N = 7279) in addition to a previously mentioned cohort [ 30 ] analysed the relationship between daily nutrient intake and the level of disease control according to various methods (HbA1c, fasting and postprandial glycaemia, and insulin); the association may be linear in diabetic subjects only at certain levels of daily dietary doses. Additionally, the multifactorial influence on HBA1c should take into consideration this dietary determinant, as well, but there are no homogenous and concluding data to confirm its exact influence on HbA1c values ( Table 3 ) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Relative Importance of Physical Activity and Body Composition on Insulin Resistance in Older Adult Population

“…In addition, the American Diabetes Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Diabetes Prevention Program recommend achievement and maintenance of a minimum of 5% weight loss, a combination of 4% weight loss and 150 minutes per week of PA, or at least a 0.2% reduction in HbA1c to decrease diabetes risk 43. Perhaps PA may influence BC variables,44 which translates into improvement in IR. Individuals who are physically active tend to have smaller WCs and, as a result, IR decreases as indicated in the past studies 18,45…”