Magnesium in Disease: a Review with Special Emphasis on the Serum Ionized Magnesium

Sanders, Gerard T.; Huijgen, Henk J.; Sanders, Renata

doi:10.1515/cclm.1999.151

Cited by 81 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…Higher magnesium levels, although still in the normal range, may have represented early renal dysfunction in our population, who often had low pretransplantation magnesium levels. 59 Hypermagnesemia also has been associated with central nervous system depression. 60 The limitations of this study included the lack of daily delirium assessments during the study period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Fann

Roth-Roemer²,

Burington

et al. 2002

Cancer

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BACKGROUNDDelirium is common in patients with malignant disease and is associated with significant morbidity. Studies have not examined the epidemiology of delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence, severity, and duration of delirium in the acute phase of HSCT and to determine the pretransplantation risk factors for the occurrence and severity of delirium during this period.METHODSNinety adult patients with malignancies who were admitted to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for their first HSCT were assessed prospectively from 1 week pretransplantation to 30 days posttransplantation. Delirium occurrence using the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) and severity using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) were assessed three times per week. Pretransplantation risk factors were assessed by patient self‐report, charts, and computerized records.RESULTSThe cumulative posttransplantation incidence of delirium events (DRS score > 12) was 66 (73%), and the incidence of delirium episodes (DRS score > 12 for 2 of 3 consecutive assessments) was 45 (50%). The mean ± standard deviation duration of delirium episodes was 4.8 ± 2.8 assessments (approximately 10 days). Pretransplantation risk factors for having a delirium episode were lower cognitive functioning (Trailmaking B test [a standardized test of visual conceptual and visuomotor tracking and cognitive flexibility]; P = 0.0008), higher blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.002), higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.008), lower physical functioning (SF‐12 [self report questionnaire that is a general measure of functioning]; P = 0.03), and higher magnesium (P = 0.03). Pretransplantation risk factors for higher delirium severity scores were higher creatinine (P < 0.0001), the presence of total body irradiation (P = 0.0001), higher magnesium (P = 0.0003), lower Mini‐Mental State Examination score (P = 0.002), malignancy diagnosis category (P = 0.002), female gender (P = 0.008), higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.02), older age (P = 0.03), and prior alcohol or drug abuse (P = 0.046).CONCLUSIONSHalf of patients who undergo HSCT experience a delirium episode during the 4 weeks posttransplantation. Pretransplantation risk factors can assist in identifying patients who are more likely to develop delirium posttransplantation. Cancer 2002;95:1971–81. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10889

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Fann

Roth-Roemer²,

Burington

et al. 2002

Cancer

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“…It serves as a co-factor for all enzymatic reactions that require ATP and as a key component in various reactions that require kinases. It is also an essential enzyme activator for neuromuscular excitability and cell permeability, a regulator of ion channels and mitochondrial function, a critical element in cellular proliferation and apoptosis, and an important factor in both cellular and humoral immune reactions (reviewed in references [2][3][4][5][6]). …”

Section: Magnesium and Cell Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypomagnesemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Pham

Pham³

et al. 2007

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

357

339

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Hypomagnesemia has been reported to occur at an increased frequency among patients with type 2 diabetes compared with their counterparts without diabetes. Despite numerous reports linking hypomagnesemia to chronic diabetic complications, attention to this issue is poor among clinicians. This article reviews the literature on the metabolism of magnesium, incidence of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, implicated contributing factors, and associated complications. Hypomagnesemia occurs at an incidence of 13.5 to 47.7% among patients with type 2 diabetes. Poor dietary intake, autonomic dysfunction, altered insulin metabolism, glomerular hyperfiltration, osmotic diuresis, recurrent metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, and hypokalemia may be contributory. Hypomagnesemia has been linked to poor glycemic control, coronary artery diseases, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and foot ulcerations. The increased incidence of hypomagnesemia among patients with type 2 diabetes presumably is multifactorial. Because current data suggest adverse outcomes in association with hypomagnesemia, it is prudent to monitor magnesium routinely in this patient population and treat the condition whenever possible.

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“…In addition, there is evidence to suggest that cellular potassium depletion may diminish Mg reabsorption at the DCT by yet unclear mechanisms. (16) The result showed, the level of PH was significantly increased (p-value <0.05) and there was no significant difference between the mean of calcium level in patients and control group (p-value >0.05).…”

Section: Discussion:-mentioning

confidence: 85%