Magnesium in Drinking Water and Death from Acute Myocardial Infarction

Rubenowitz, Eva; Axelsson, Gösta; Rylander, Ragnar

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008765

Cited by 101 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Contrastingly, five of the seven studies showed a statistically significant protective effect of drinking water magnesium against mortality from AMI ( Rubenowitz et al 1996Rubenowitz et al , 1999Rubenowitz et al , 2000, hypertensive disease ) and stroke (Yang 1998) for males and females.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The remaining seven case control studies assessed concentrations of specific drinking water constituents, namely magnesium and calcium, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Of these, five studies reported no evidence of a statistically significant association between calcium concentrations and cardiovascular mortality with no consistent direction of association (Rubenowitz et al 1996(Rubenowitz et al , 2000Yang 1998;Rosenlund et al 2005). Two studies reported a protective effect of drinking water calcium on mortality from AMI for females (Rubenowitz et al 1999) and males and females combined (Yang et al 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness

Catling

Abubakar

Lake

et al. 2008

Journal of Water and Health

102

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The aim of this study is to systematically review and critically assess analytical observational epidemiology studies investigating the association between levels of drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease. We searched electronic databases and used standardised forms to extract data and assess study quality. Of 2,906 papers identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria (nine case control and five cohort studies). Of the nine case control studies, seven examined both drinking water magnesium and calcium and risk of death from cardiovascular disease. A pooled odds ratio showed a statistically significant inverse association between magnesium and cardiovascular mortality (OR 0.75 (95%CI 0.68, 0.82), p , 0.001). Only two studies reported a statistically significant effect for calcium. Substantial heterogeneity between studies made calculation of a summary estimate for drinking water calcium inappropriate. Of three cohort studies reviewed, two were of good quality. A weak suggestion that soft water was harmful in females and possibly associated with a slightly greater risk of sudden death was reported, but there was no association between water hardness and mortality from stroke or cardiovascular disease. This study found significant evidence of an inverse association between magnesium levels in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality following a meta-analysis of case control studies. Evidence for calcium remains unclear.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness

Catling

Abubakar

Lake

et al. 2008

Journal of Water and Health

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…10 There are no available data for assessing the percentage that drinking water contributes to the total magnesium intake in the present study. Nonetheless, in the modern world intake of dietary magnesium is often lower than the recommended dietary amounts of 6 mg/kg per day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death From Cerebrovascular Disease

Yang

1998

Stroke

124

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Background and Purpose-Many studies have demonstrated a negative association between mortality from cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases and water hardness. This report examines whether calcium and magnesium in drinking water are protective against cerebrovascular disease. Methods-All eligible cerebrovascular deaths (17 133 cases) of Taiwan residents from 1989 through 1993 were compared with deaths from other causes (17 133 controls), and the levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water of these residents were determined. Data on calcium and magnesium levels in drinking water throughout Taiwan were obtained from the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation. The control group consisted of people who died from other causes, and the controls were pair matched to the cases by sex, year of birth, and year of death. Results-The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 0.75 (0.65 to 0.85) for the group with water magnesium levels between 7.4 and 13.4 mg/L and 0.60 (0.52 to 0.70) for the group with magnesium levels of 13.5 mg/L or more.After adjustment for magnesium levels in drinking water, there was no difference between the groups with different levels of calcium. Conclusions-The results of the present study show that there is a significant protective effect of magnesium intake from drinking water on the risk of cerebrovascular disease. This is an important finding for the Taiwan water industry and human health. (Stroke. 1998;29:411-414.)

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“…The effects of magnesium deficiency on the heart are also complicated by intracellular potassium depletion and hypokalemia. (Woods and Fletcher, 1994;Jeremias et al, 2000;Rubenowitz et al, 1996).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important protective effect of magnesium during myocardial infarction is the restriction of the cellular loss of magnesium-adenosine tri phosphate, the essential substrate for many cellular reactions (Seelig, 1989;Rubenowitz et al, 1996;Swain and Kaplan-Machlis, 1999). Studies have also reported that magnesium also limits the loss of cellular potassium and this correlation needs further study with a large sample size.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%