Magnesium ion implantation on a micro/nanostructured titanium surface promotes its bioactivity and osteogenic differentiation function

Abstract

As one of the important ions associated with bone osseointegration, magnesium was incorporated into a micro/nanostructured titanium surface using a magnesium plasma immersion ion-implantation method. Hierarchical hybrid micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces followed by magnesium ion implantation for 30 minutes (Mg30) and hierarchical hybrid micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces followed by magnesium ion implantation for 60 minutes (Mg60) were used as test groups. The surface morphology, chemical properties, and amount of magnesium ions released were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) were used to evaluate cell responses, including proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation on the surface of the material or in their medium extraction. Greater increases in the spreading and proliferation ability of rBMMSCs were observed on the surfaces of magnesium-implanted micro/nanostructures compared with the control plates. Furthermore, the osteocalcin ( OCN ), osteopontin ( OPN ), and alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) genes were upregulated on both surfaces and in their medium extractions. The enhanced cell responses were correlated with increasing concentrations of magnesium ions, indicating that the osteoblastic differentiation of rBMMSCs was stimulated through the magnesium ion function. The magnesium ion-implanted micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces could enhance the proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation activity of rBMMSCs, suggesting they have potential application in improving bone-titanium integration.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: In vitro and in vivo responses of macrophages to magnesium-doped titanium

“…Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII), a non-line-of-light technique (in which the path of propagation of energetic doping atoms is not obscured by obstacles) for surface doping, may be a good pathway for local delivery of magnesium onto implantable medical devices. Previously, Mg PIII-treated titanium has demonstrated good osteogenic properties mediated by local release of Mg ions 17 18 . However, less is known about the immunomodulatory effects of Mg PIII treatment.…”

Bioactive Glass (BG) ICIE16 Shows Promising Osteogenic Properties Compared to Crystallized 45S5-BG

“…Although ICIE16-BG shows a superior ability to induce osteogenic differentiation on a cellular level in this study, its weaker ability to support the formation of the ECM might be improved by adding appropriate ions to the basic ICIE16-BG composition. Possible candidate ions are, amongst others, zinc, which stimulates protein production in osteoblasts [24,37], or magnesium, which promotes mineralization of the ECM and has been proven to enhance gene expression patterns of OCN and OPN [38][39][40].…”

Application of a Strontium-Loaded, Phase-Transited Lysozyme Coating to a Titanium Surface to Enhance Osteogenesis and Osteoimmunomodulation

“…However, due to the lack of bioactivity and osteoinductivity, a minimum of 3 months is required to achieve sufficient osseointegrated fixation after implantation [4,5]. Many efforts to modify the implant surface have demonstrated that the coating of the implant with bioactive chemical elements could functionalize the surface and accelerate osseointegration [6–8]. Among these elements, strontium (Sr) has similar characteristics to calcium [9,10], which enables Sr to deposit into the mineral phase of bone.…”