Magnesium Phosphate Bioceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Magnesium phosphate (MgP) is a family of newly developed resorbable bioceramics for bone tissue engineering. Although calcium phosphates (CaP) are the most commonly used bioceramics, low solubility, and slow degradation, when implanted in vivo, are their main drawbacks. Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element in the human body as it plays important role in bone metabolism, DNA stabilization, and skeletal development. Recent research on magnesium phosphates has established their higher degradability, in vitro, and in vivo biocompatibility. Compared to CaP, very limited research work has been found in the area of MgP. The prime goal of this review is to bring out the importance of magnesium phosphate ceramics for biomedical applications. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis methods, mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of MgP bioceramics. Moreover, we have highlighted the recent developments in metal ion‐doped MgPs and MgP scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

An injectable bioactive poly(γ‐glutamic acid) modified magnesium phosphate bone cement for bone regeneration

“…the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast. 1,2 Based on the all results and analysis, the hydration reactions of γ-PGA modified MPC bone cement were summarized in Figure 9. 34,35 According to the (MgNH 4 PO 4 Á6H 2 O) crystals; Moreover, the H + of γ-PGA can neutralize the OH À of MPC, which could decrease the pH value during the hydrolysis process and created a suitable microenvironment for osteoblast growth, proliferation and differentiation.…”

“…Since magnesium and phosphorus are essential elements in human body and play an important role in bone formation, regeneration and metabolism, magnesium phosphate biomaterials have attracted increasing interest in bone repair and regeneration. 1 Among the various magnesium phosphate biomaterials, magnesium phosphate bone cement (MPC) gained great interest in orthopedics due to their high initial mechanical strength, excellent adhesion, good resorption/ degradation and the roles of release-able Mg and P elements. [2][3][4][5] Currently, solid phase powder of MPC are usually magnesium oxide (MgO) or trimagnesium phosphate anhydrous (Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), and reactive liquid phase are usually soluble phosphate salt solutions, such as phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), monoammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO 4 ), and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ).…”

Recent advances in carbon dots: synthesis and applications in bone tissue engineering

“…Thus, finding tracer methods that are safe, non-invasive and effective in regulating osteogenic differentiation is the key to solving these problems. Most conventional scaffold materials such as common metals, 6 ceramics 7 and polymers 8 are not fluorescent in nature, meaning that cells cannot be labeled simultaneously without other fluorescent dyes and nanoprobes, which is not conducive to monitoring morphological changes in cells and tissues in real time through imaging. In recent years, carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterials, especially carbon dots (CDs), have rapidly gained unprecedented attention in the biomedical and materials science fields as a result of their remarkable physicochemical and optical properties due to their nanoscale effects.…”

Electrospinning Inorganic Nanomaterials to Fabricate Bionanocomposites for Soft and Hard Tissue Repair

“…Of these, bioceramics have been shown to induce biomineralization due to their excellent osteo-conductivity, chemical resistance, and durability. Bioceramics can be further classified as biologically inert, bioactive, or bioresorbable, which are mainly based on their interaction with the host tissues in vivo [ 27 ]. While biologically inert ceramics are physically and chemically stable and do not interact with the tissues, bioactive ceramics can repair, replace and regenerate tissues.…”