Magnesium substitution effect on porous scaffolds for bone repair

Abstract

Of great interest in developing artificial bone is the incorporation of magnesium (Mg) ions into the ceramic lattice in order to improve the physico-chemical and structural properties of the material and to increase its morphological affinity towards newly formed osseous tissue. In the present study, we evaluated the morphological and biological properties of composite scaffolds fabricated by mixing a nanopowder of Mg-substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate with collagen type I in two dry weight ratios (variant I and II). We used biochemical methods, and electron and light microscopy to investigate their porosity, biodegradability and morphology. Osteoblast cell culture behavior in the presence of nanocomposite variants was also examined. Variant I scaffold presented a higher percentage of cross-links and a better resistance to collagenase degradation compared to variant II scaffold. Their porosity did not vary significantly. Osteoblasts cultivated in the presence of nanocomposite scaffolds for 72 h exhibited good cell viability and a normal morphology. When osteoblasts were injected into the scaffolds, a slightly higher proportion of adhered cells were observed for Mg-substituted samples after 7 days of cultivation. All these results showed that Mg-containing porous composite scaffolds had controlled degradation, allowed osteoblast proliferation and adhesion and are good candidates for bone repair.

Synthesis, characterization, in vitro bioactivity and antimicrobial activity of magnesium and nickel doped silicate hydroxyapatite

“…Mg 2 þ is directly linked with the mineralization of calcified tissues and in stimulation of osteoblast proliferation [13]. Mg 2 þ doped apatite can significantly accelerate osteoblast adhesion to the apatite and promote bone formation [14].…”

Development of Mg-containing porous β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone repair

“…Mg is essential for man and is required in relatively large amounts. Mg is needed for bone formation and can also be referred to as a natural 'calcium antagonist' [7,8]. The importance of Mg in bone is well-known, preventing possible risk factors for osteoporosis in humans [7][8][9][10].…”

Ag‐loaded MgSrFe‐layered double hydroxide/chitosan composite scaffold with enhanced osteogenic and antibacterial property for bone engineering tissue

“…Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) include positively charged brucite-like layers, counteranions and water in the interlayers. 8 The general chemical formula of LDHs can be written as [M 21 1-x M 31 x (OH) 2 ] x1 (A n-) x/n ÁmH 2 O. 8 The divalent cation (M 21 ), trivalent cation (M 31 ), anion (A n-), and stoichiometric cofficient (x) are varied over a wide range, leading to a large class of isostructural materials.…”

“…17,18 Some trace elements may affect bone formation and resorption through direct or indirect effects on bone cells or bone mineral. 19 Because LDHs possess compositional flexibility, it is feasible to improve the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of LDHs by the substitution of the divalent cation (M 21 ) and trivalent cation (M 31 ) with essential bioactive elements such as Mg, Fe, Sr, and so forth. Magnesium (Mg) element plays an important role in bone metabolism and bone regeneration, and prevents possible risk factors for osteoporosis in humans.…”

“…Magnesium (Mg) element plays an important role in bone metabolism and bone regeneration, and prevents possible risk factors for osteoporosis in humans. 20,21 Iron (Fe) is one of important elements in human being, too. It has been reported that there is a positive association between dietary iron and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women.…”