Magnetic amelioration of scale formation

Baker, John S.; Judd, Simon

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(95)00184-0

Cited by 243 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These findings are in line with the many observations reported in theliterature [4,6,13,15,16,[38][39][40] and most importantly, they agree with the model of Coey [21]: the strong local gradients act on the mechanism of precipitation and induce DOLLOP formation. In case a, the ions form many small nuclei, DOLLOPs, which form a colloid and are thus no longer able to follow the alternating electric field during the impedance measurement.…”

Section: Parametersupporting

confidence: 81%

“…This was mostly due to the absence of any plausible mechanism that could explain the lasting effect of magnetic fields even after the exposure itself had ceased. Over the past 40 years a lot of research has been done on the effects of magnetic or electromagnetic treatment on water, and over a hundred articles and reports are available in the literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Most of these papers deal with calcium carbonate precipitation, a few report on biological effects.…”

Section: Magnetic Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water

Sammer¹,

Kamp²,

Paulitsch-Fuchs³

et al. 2016

Water

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Abstract:In 2012 Coey proposed a theory on the mechanism of magnetic water treatment based on the gradient of the applied field rather than its absolute strength. We tested this theory by measuring the effect of very weak field magnets (ď 10 G) containing strong magnetic inhomogeneities (∆B = 2 kG¨m´1) on tap water samples by the use of electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and laser scattering. Our results show an increased formation of nm-sized prenucleation clusters (dynamically ordered liquid like oxyanion polymers or "DOLLOPs") due to the exposure to the magnetic field and thus are consistent with Coey's theory which is therefore also applicable to very weak magnetic fields as long as they contain strong gradients.

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Section: Parametersupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Magnetic Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water

Sammer¹,

Kamp²,

Paulitsch-Fuchs³

et al. 2016

Water

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“…By applying magnetic [5,6] or electrostatic fields [7] externally, the characteristics of the nucleation of mineral ions and other electrically-charged submicron particles in the water can thus be altered. The mechanism of coagulation and flocculation of solid particles suspended in the water loop can be enhanced by the magnetic, electromagnetic [8] or electrostatic field imposed, increasing the crystal formation on the bulk solution, and preventing it from depositing on heat transfer surfaces [9].…”

Section: A Comparative Analysis On Existing Methods To Keep T a Smallermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development and Full-Scale Experimental Validation of an Optimal Water Treatment Solution in Improving Chiller Performances

Chiang

Yang

2016

Sustainability

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An optimal solution, in combining physical and chemical water treatment methods, has been developed. This method uses a high voltage capacitance based (HVCB) electrodes, coupled with biocides to form a sustainable solution in improving chiller plant performances. In this study, the industrial full-scale tests, instead of laboratory tests, have been conducted on chiller plants at the size of 5000 RT to 10,000 RT cooling capacities under commercial operation for more than two years. The experimental results indicated that the condenser approach temperatures can be maintained at below 1˝C for over two years. It has been validated that the coefficient of performance (COP) of a chiller can be improved by over 5% by implementing this solution. Every 1˝C reduction in condenser approach temperature can yield approximately 3% increase on chiller COP, which warrants its future application potential in the HVAC industry, where T a can degrade by 1˝C every three to six months. The solution developed in this study could also reduce chemical dosages and conserve makeup water substantially and is more environment friendly.

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“…Physical methods include sponge ball cleaning, hydraulic cleaning (forward, reverse flushing and backwashing), air flushing (also called air sparging, air scouring or air bubbling), vibration, and CO 2 back permeation [10][11]. Non-conventional physical cleaning methods are the application of ultrasonic [12][13][14], electrical fields [15] and magnetic fields [16][17] with different results. Hydraulic cleaning methods are often adopted in UF for drinking water treatment [18].…”

Section: Physical Cleaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes after the treatment of surface water: static–dynamic test

García-Fayos

Arnal

Sancho

2013

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Access to safe drinkable water is a basic human right and an international development goal. AQUAPOT international project, created by Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, has been focused on research and development of low-cost and effective water treatment technologies based on membrane technology able to be used in developing countries. After several years of intensive laboratory and field research, Aquapot's UF plants have been settled in different locations of Ecuador (province of Azuay) and Mozambique (province of Maputo). At present, most of the installed plants work successfully, producing drinking water suitable for human consumption and even for industrial use. However, installation of the designed UF-drinking water treatment facilities has shown that cleaning standard protocol of ultrafiltration membranes is not effective. This fact could affect microbiological quality and volume of the pure water produced and also life of the membrane and the UF-plant. In order to develop optimized cleaning protocols based on the use of common and accessible chemicals, Aquapot started an applied research studying several cleaning methods. Previous studies have been focussed in applying different types of cleaning: chemical cleaning (by means of static tests and dynamic tests) and physico-chemical cleaning (combining chemical reagents with the hydrodynamic action of air bubbles). This work describes the experimental procedure performed in static-dynamic cleaning test which combine soaking with dynamic circulation of cleaning solutions. Sodium hypochlorite and Hydrogen Peroxide at 25 ºC performed the best results, recovering permeate flux from 10 to 12 times respectively compared with fouled membranes. Main results obtained for the different chemical solutions tested at 25 and 40 ºC were also compared with previous chemical (static and dynamic test) and physico-chemical cleanning. Results showed that the tested cleaning protocol improves the effectiveness of the cleaning and recovers UF membrane performance even until 30 times, when sequence of cleaning is Sodium hypochlorite followed by hydrogen peroxide.

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Magnetic amelioration of scale formation

Cited by 243 publications

References 25 publications

Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water

Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water

The Development and Full-Scale Experimental Validation of an Optimal Water Treatment Solution in Improving Chiller Performances

Cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes after the treatment of surface water: static–dynamic test

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