Magnetic Bearings for Non-static Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS)

Dagnæs-Hansen, Nikolaj A.; Santos, Ilmar

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99262-4_9

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Additionally, the SOC of a flywheel is instantly calculated from instantaneous wheel speed. A flywheel system is also robust with respect to temperature extremes and can achieve very high cycle life [40]. The most important advantage of FWs with regard to the TY application is the fact that energy and power density can, within certain limits, be independently controlled.…”

Section: Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Design of Hybrid Tower Yarder Drivetrains: A Case Study

Leitner

Renzi

Spinelli³

et al. 2022

Forests

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Meeting ever-tightening emission regulations and ambitious climate targets requires drastic efficiency improvements and emission reduction across all sectors. Hybridization as an intermediary step towards electrification is a prominent approach to achieve this. Within the forestry sector, most equipment still relies on conventional mechanical or hydraulical drivetrains. This work focuses on the design of hybrid tower yarder drivetrains, in order to facilitate the technological transition to more sustainable equipment. Tower yarder duty cycle data are extracted from the literature and organized into a set of reference duty cycle data via Matlab simulations. Based on typical performance requirements, various technological solutions are studied for the following key tower yarder subsystems: energy storage, winch drive, energy source, and energy dissipation. The objective is to determine the most performing design considering system cost, performance, weight, and durability. Challenging control considerations are discussed and control algorithms are presented. Further presented are drivetrain architecture alternatives to boost overall efficiency. The best hybrid drivetrain, based on a large set of operation data gathered from other studies, is finally subjected to design calculations and a case study involving a 5-ton tower yarder. Results indicate that off-the-shelf electric drives, reduction gearing, and energy dissipation systems can satisfy all performance requirements, including a maximum power of about 100 kW per drive. A 15–45 kWh power-dense battery pack or a 100 kWh energy-dense battery pack may be required to cope with a power of up to 70 kW RMS, pointing to a need for substantial overdesign and confirming that the energy storage system represents the largest design challenge. The engine should achieve at least 41.5 kW of power to compensate for combined average net energy consumption in the yarder. These results confirm the feasibility of tower yarder hybridization and the large potential for energy recovery. This is especially true in the closed-loop setup, with a recovered energy of up to 5 kWh per transport cycle. Finally, differences between the proposed optimal design and the commercial hybrid design by Koller Forsttechnik are discussed.

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Section: Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The power capability both in charge and discharge is given by the motor/generator and associated inverter. As such wheels spin at speeds of up to 60,000 rpm or more [40], such drives operate at low torque levels and are therefore quite compact and lightweight. A particularly attractive solution was proposed by GKN Hybrid Power.…”

Section: Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

On the Design of Hybrid Tower Yarder Drivetrains: A Case Study

Leitner

Renzi

Spinelli³

et al. 2022

Forests

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“…Their full specifications are described elsewhere. 49 An eddy-current damper (ECD) consisting of a magnet on the rotor and a tube on the stator/housing is present in the top of the test setup. The magnet used for eddy-current damping has radius r e and height h e .…”

Section: Eddy-current Dampingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permanent magnet thrust bearings for flywheel energy storage systems: Analytical, numerical, and experimental comparisons

Dagnæs-Hansen

Santos

2019

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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A new type of flywheel energy storage system uses a magnetic suspension where the axial load is provided solely by permanent magnets, whereas active magnetic bearings are only used for radial stabilization. This means that the permanent magnet bearing must provide all the axial damping. Furthermore, it must have as low a negative radial stiffness as possible to reduce the workload on the radial active magnetic bearings. Many different mathematical models for determining force, stiffness, and damping of permanent magnet bearings are available in the literature. This work will further develop the most applicable analytical and numerical methods in order to make them directly implementable for designing permanent magnet thrust bearings for flywheel energy storage systems. The outcome is a fast and efficient method for determining force, stiffness, and damping when the bearing setup contains magnetic materials with relative permeability higher than one as well as when it does not. The developed method is validated against numerical and experimental results with good agreement.

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“…Combining the actuation and rotor support, Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) can be used to mitigate vibrations for high speed machines, offering improved performance, even though they require the inclusion of amplifiers and sensors to control the rotor levitation. Indeed, AMBs have a much higher life expectancy compared to rolling element bearings, together with having a lubrication-free architecture particularly well suited to wide temperature ranges [22], operation in a vacuum and very high speed applications, such as flywheels [23,24]. The closed loop nature of AMB levitation allows tailoring of the controller to suit a given application, for example, with custom stiffness, damping and unbalance rejection [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal Rotor Actuation and Magnetic Bearings for the Active Control of Rotating Machines

2022

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Passive rotors are often limited in rotational speed due to bearing constraints, stability and excessive vibration levels. To address the vibration issue, Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) levitating the rotor with a magnetic field can be used. They offer a clearance and variable stiffness and damping to the rotor support, which help to mitigate greatly the vibration issue. However, they are also limited at large rotational speed because of the high frequency control force required to levitate the rotor safely. To overcome the frequency limitation, a dual AMBs/internal bending control concept is investigated with associated modelling and control algorithms. This approach is examined in simulation with a 19 kg rotor running up to 10,000 RPM, where three resonance frequencies are present at 2700, 5300, and 9300 RPM, with the first resonant frequency being the most strongly excited. Using internal rotor bending control, a maximum radial displacement of 15 μm for the rotor mid-point is achieved, which gives a reduction in vibration amplitude of 45% compared to the case of no control. Variations of the algorithm are presented and discussed, showing the potential of the proposed approach.

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Magnetic Bearings for Non-static Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS)

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

On the Design of Hybrid Tower Yarder Drivetrains: A Case Study

On the Design of Hybrid Tower Yarder Drivetrains: A Case Study

Permanent magnet thrust bearings for flywheel energy storage systems: Analytical, numerical, and experimental comparisons

Internal Rotor Actuation and Magnetic Bearings for the Active Control of Rotating Machines

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