The optical absorption of holes, self-trapped at one of the equivalent O 2-sites next to acceptor defects in crystalline oxide materials, is treated. The holes are localized by lattice distortion, forming small polarons with typical stabilization energies E P of 1 eV. The light-induced hole transfer from an initial O -site to an equivalent O 2-neighbour occurs under Franck-Condon conditions, leading to the widest possible homogeneous absorption bands, having high oscillator strength, typically 0.1, and peak energies between 8/3 E P and 1 E P , for 4 up to 12 equivalent neighbours. The basic absorption features, including characteristic excited state tunnelling splittings, are exemplified with representative defects of high point symmetry. Such polarons arise in numerous materials after excitation by light or ionizing radiation. They play important roles as sources of coloration in non-linear optic and photorefractive compounds, gemstones, as acceptor defects in oxide semiconductors and as catalytic agents, if at a surface. 1 Introduction Valence band holes created, e.g., by ionizing radiation or light-illumination, tend to be trapped at acceptor defects. If their ionization energy is high, as for cation vacancies or simple ions (Li + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ etc.), the holes will localize at the O 2-ions neighbouring the cation impurity, rather than at the acceptor itself. EPR investigations have shown that lattice distortion leads to trapping at usually one of these oxygen sites, in spite of their equivalence in crystals. These holes thus form small polarons, characterized by localization at one site and a distortion field involving mainly the bonds of O -to its first neighbours. These objects are elementary paradigms for free small polarons, self-trapping at one of the translation-equivalent sites in a crystal. Mainly the optical absorption of bound polarons is treated as based on a configuration coordinate model. This simple approach allows to explain the typical features of those objects -wide absorption bands, high oscillator strengths, excited state tunnelling splittings -under a common guideline. This method was developed rather early [1]. New manifestations of O -bound small polarons have been found in many materials. Here some recent examples will be included.